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Research

Open research on the last thirty years of Leo Tolstoy's life — from A Confession (1879–82) to his death in 1910, the stretch this project calls the Prophet period. It is the part of his work that is least read and least translated: the religious and social writing he turned to after the novels, and whose copyright he renounced so that it would belong to everyone.

The reading, the source work and the writing are done by Claude Code, an AI, under the supervision of Johan Edlund. The sources are the 90-volume Jubilee Edition, the tolstoydigital TEI corpus, and Tolstoy's own diaries and letters; every claim is tied to one by name, and what hasn't been checked says so.

This page indexes everything: reader's editions with read-along audio, research dives through the corpus, and the build log. Nothing here is behind a login — the pages, the working notes and the code that builds them are all in tolstoylife/tolstoy.life. Corrections, sources and questions are welcome as issues there, and anyone who wants to work on it is welcome to join.

Generated 12 October 2026, 20:53

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From the prophet-essays visualizations — see all four →

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General1

Audiobook pipeline — reference & findings
updated 11 Oct 2026
Agent-facing reference for the local TTS audiobook pipeline. The working code, text, and a shorter README live in [`projects/audiobook/`](..…

Architecture3

Eleventy interlinker — scaling & async-shortcode warning
updated 3 Jun 2026
`@photogabble/eleventy-plugin-interlinker` is **currently active** in the website build (`website/eleventy.config.js:58` → `addPlugin(plugin…
Internal Operations — Tolstoy Research Platform
updated 25 Apr 2026
Cost estimates, hardware specifications, and capacity planning details. Supplements `AGENTS.md` with operational context for anyone implemen…
Migration: interlinker → parse-level wikilinks + pre-computed backlinks
updated 3 Jun 2026
Replaces `@photogabble/eleventy-plugin-interlinker` (currently active at `website/eleventy.config.js:58`) with a small in-repo module that r…

Design1

Penpot tokens
updated 9 May 2026
How the design tokens in `website/src/_data/designTokens/` are pushed into the **tolstoy.life - design tokens** file on [design.penpot.app](…

Development1

Development — tolstoy.life
updated 11 May 2026
How the site is built. Implementation guides, conventions, and feature recipes for the frontend and backend of the Eleventy site under `webs…

Editorial3

Documentation conventions — tolstoy.life
updated 26 Apr 2026
How internal project documentation in `docs/` and `_generated/` is maintained over time. Complements `editorial.md`, which covers content st…
Editorial handbook — tolstoy.life
updated 26 Apr 2026
This file describes how content for tolstoy.life is written: voice, what is included, what is excluded, and how to handle outside scrutiny. …
Source mode — per-fact footnotes
updated 11 May 2026
How wiki and works pages cite their sources. Two requirements meet in one mechanism: editorial verifiability (every claim traceable) and cop…

PWA5

Tolstoy e-reader PWA: document index
updated 20 Apr 2026
Five design documents and three `/ultraplan` briefs, meant to be read together. Each design document stands alone but they're designed to fo…
Tolstoy e-reader: local-first PWA architecture
updated 20 Apr 2026
A working architectural sketch for turning tolstoy.life into a true local-first e-reader, with W3C-compliant annotations, bookmarks, and opt…
Tolstoy e-reader: tl pipeline integration
updated 20 Apr 2026
The PWA architecture depends on the `tl` build producing a few additional artifacts. This document specifies exactly what those are and how …
Tolstoy e-reader: wiki integration
updated 20 Apr 2026
This document specifies how the wiki layer (`website/src/wiki/`) participates in the local-first PWA. It sits alongside `local-first-archite…
Tolstoy e-reader: Yjs schema and sync architecture
updated 20 Apr 2026
This document specifies the concrete CRDT shape, the IndexedDB layout, and the sync-relay contract. It assumes the overall architecture from…

Reader19

A Confession
updated 11 Oct 2026
An autobiographical narrative written between about 1879 and 1882. Its Russian title is *Confession* («Исповедь») — though that title was no…
A Confession (EN reader edition)
updated 11 Oct 2026
A Confession (MT reader edition)
updated 10 Aug 2026
A Confession — alignment and capture notes
updated 10 Oct 2026
How `confession.ru.md` (PSS «Исповедь», t. 23, pp. 1–59) and `confession.en-wiener.md` (Leo Wiener's 1904 translation, *My Confession*, from…
A Great Iniquity (EN reader edition)
updated 10 Aug 2026
My Confession (EN reader edition)
updated 2 Oct 2026
Reader-editions works tracker
updated 12 Oct 2026
Every work the dives have surfaced — the run-list for the reader editions and the progress board for where each sits in the loop (dived → bu…
The Great Sin
updated 11 Oct 2026
An essay of 1905. Its Russian title is *The Great Sin* («Великий грех»); the English translation published the same year was titled *A Great…
The Great Sin (MT reader edition)
updated 10 Aug 2026
The Great Sin — Russian spine alignment notes
updated 23 Sep 2026
How `the-great-sin.ru.md` (PSS «Великий грех», t. 36, pp. 206–230) was made paragraph-parallel to `the-great-sin.en-1905.md` (the 1905 Mayo/…
The Great Sin — the restored text
updated 11 Oct 2026
**What this is.** The passages cut from «Великий грех» before it went to print in 1905, each set back into the published text at the seam it…
The Great Sin — where the 1905 English departs from the Russian
updated 10 Aug 2026
**What this is.** A fidelity report on `the-great-sin.en-1905.md` (*A Great Iniquity*, translated by V. G. Chertkov and I. F. Mayo, 1905), m…
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
updated 3 Oct 2026
A book-length treatise written between 1890 and 1893. Its full title is *The Kingdom of God Is Within You, or Christianity Not as a Mystical…
The Kingdom of God Is Within You (EN reader edition)
updated 12 Oct 2026
The Kingdom of God Is Within You (MT reader edition)
updated 12 Oct 2026
The Kingdom of God Is Within You — alignment and capture notes
updated 3 Oct 2026
How the three texts in this bundle were made paragraph-parallel, so that paragraph N of section K points to the same place in the work in ev…
Великий грех (RU reader edition)
updated 23 Sep 2026
Исповедь (RU reader edition)
updated 2 Oct 2026
Царство божие внутри вас (RU reader edition)
updated 12 Oct 2026

Research254

"Church" in chapter III — Russian and three English translations
updated 3 Oct 2026
The passages in chapter III of *The Kingdom of God Is Within You* where Tolstoy argues about what "church" means: the word in the Gospels, t…
"Crisis": how Tolstoy named — and did not name — his transformation of 1879–1882
updated 29 May 2026
Context: A focused corpus dive into the word *crisis* (Russian кризис) and its near-neighbours across the local Tolstoy corpus (the *Слово Т…
_Body Voice Finalists
updated 10 Aug 2026
_bibl_: Толстой Л. Н. [Дневник 1897 г.] // Толстой Л. Н. Полное собрание сочинений: в 90 тт. Т. 53. М.: Гос. изд. «Художественная литература…
_scholarship.md — Scholarship & Reception sweep
updated 10 Aug 2026
The mainstream scholarly account runs roughly as follows. By the late 1870s–early 1880s Tolstoy had already broken decisively with Orthodox …
_scholarship.md — Secondary layer: *What Is Art?* (1897–1898)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Scholarly context and reception for the corpus-dive on Tolstoy's *Что такое искусство?*
_Visuals
updated 10 Aug 2026
- id: posrednik-covers-chelovek
A Confession (Исповедь) — a corpus dive
updated 6 Jun 2026
A work-focused dive across the local Tolstoy corpus: the PSS (Jubilee Edition) Tom 23 text, its plans and variants and editorial commentary,…
A Letter to a Hindu (Письмо к индусу) — a corpus work-dive
updated 13 Jun 2026
A work-subject dive on Tolstoy's open letter «Письмо к индусу», written in 1908 as a reply to Tarak Nath Das, the émigré editor of the journ…
Adin Ballou
updated 12 Oct 2026
Adin Ballou (Адин Баллу; 1803–1890) was an American minister who opposed negro slavery and preached "Christian non-re…
Afanasy Fet
updated 2 Oct 2026
Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (Афанасий Афанасьевич Фет) was a poet and a neighbour, and one of the people Tolstoy wrote t…
After the Ball (После бала) — the loving father and the flogging
updated 12 Jun 2026
A work-subject dive (novel mode, short-work flex) on Leo Tolstoy's 1903 story «После бала» — read in full, act by act, since the whole text …
Against the death penalty — Tolstoy 1900–1910 — a corpus theme-dive
updated 13 Jun 2026
A multi-work corpus dive on the case Tolstoy built against capital punishment and state killing across the last decade of his life. It reads…
Aldanov on the 1921 Berlin Ladyzhnikov edition (Vols I–III)
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Source:** Mark Aldanov, review article on *Бирюков П.И. Л. Н. Толстой. Биография. Томы I–III. Издательство Ладыжникова. Берлин, 1921*, fir…
Alexander Buturlin
updated 2 Oct 2026
docs/research/lib — shared research tooling
updated 13 Jun 2026
Canonical tooling for `corpus-dive` and the `docs/research/` thematic sweeps.
Dushan Makovitsky
updated 2 Oct 2026
Hadji Murat (Хаджи-Мурат) — a novel-dive
updated 9 Jun 2026
A primary-source dive on Tolstoy's last work of fiction, written in secret across 1896–1904 and published only after his death. It reads the…
Hadji Murat (Хаджи-Мурат, 1896–1904) — genesis, sources, publication: commentary brief
updated 10 Aug 2026
Mined from the PSS Tom 35 editorial apparatus (Jubilee Edition, GIHL 1950). This is the documentary record as the Soviet editors (Mishin, Go…
Hadji Murat — deep-read (textual close-read)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Source extract: `v35_005_118_Hadzhi_Murat.txt` (PSS vol. 35, pp. 5–118; written 1896–1904).
Henry George
updated 2 Oct 2026
Preface to Edward Carpenter's article «Modern Science»
updated 10 Aug 2026
Предисловие к статье Эдуарда Карпентера «Современная наука» — Tolstoy, 1897–98, PSS Tom 31, pp. 87–95.
Preface to the English edition of *What Is Art?*
updated 10 Aug 2026
Предисловие к английскому изданию трактата «Что такое искусство?» — Tolstoy, 1898, PSS Tom 30, pp. 204–206.
Preface to the Works of Maupassant — close read
updated 10 Aug 2026
Предисловие к сочинениям Гюи де Мопассана (Tolstoy)
Private property in land
updated 2 Oct 2026
Private property in land (частная собственность на землю) is the subject of [[The Great Sin]] (1905), and the sin its…
Prophet period — the four remaining corpus-dives (paste-ready prompts)
updated 12 Jun 2026
The Prophet period (Period IV, 1880–1910) is nearly dived out. After the work-dives shipped through June 2026 — all the major non-fiction, a…
Prophet-period non-fiction — the corpus-dive backlog (essays, articles & other works)
updated 13 Jun 2026
The Prophet period's **fiction and drama** are dived out, and so are the **major treatises** (Confession, What I Believe, On Life, The Kingd…
Proposal: a `--novel` mode for `corpus-dive`
updated 8 Jun 2026
Written after running the *Resurrection* dive (the first flagship novel-dive). The handoff asked: build a new `novel-dive` skill, or a `--no…
PSS apparatus extracts — "The break with the Church" dive (7 works)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Source: PSS (Jubilee Edition) editorial commentary («История писания и печатания…»),
PSS Tom 25 Apparatus Commentary — Structured Digest
updated 10 Aug 2026
**apparatus file:** v25_665_674_Chem_ljudi_zhivy
PSS Tom number → local PDF file mapping
updated 11 May 2026
Context: The local copies of the Jubilee Edition (*Полное собрание сочинений*, PSS) at `primary-sources/jubilee-edition/volNN/volNN.pdf` are…
Quakers
updated 12 Oct 2026
The Quakers (квакеры), the Religious Society of Friends, are a Christian society that does not allow its members to b…
Reception — *Resurrection* (Воскресение, 1899)
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Scope:** contemporary Russian critical and public reception 1899–1901; church and state reaction;
Redactions and variants — The Kreutzer Sonata
updated 10 Aug 2026
Source: PSS vol. 27. Files extracted with `extract_tei.py --choice=reg --notes=auto`.
René Descartes
updated 10 Oct 2026
René Descartes (Рене Декарт; 1596–1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist.[^1]
Resurrection (Воскресение) — Thematic Map and Close Reads
updated 10 Aug 2026
Source extract (modern orthography, do not re-extract):
Resurrection (Воскресение), 1889–1899 — a novel-dive
updated 8 Jun 2026
A primary-source dive on Tolstoy's third and last novel: its long gestation and the Doukhobor-funded sprint that finished it; its central ch…
Resurrection — Censorship Variants Analysis
updated 10 Aug 2026
Source: `v32_471_505_Tsenzurnye_varianty.txt` — "Воскресение. Цензурные варианты" (PSS vol. 32, pp. 471–505, 1936 Jubilee Edition).
Resurrection — the communion / liturgy centrepiece (Part I, ch. XXXIX–XLI)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Close-read of the defamiliarised ("Brechtian"/flat) description of the Orthodox liturgy in the prison church. Source: `extracts/v32_003_445_…
Run report — 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Dive:** A Letter to a Hindu (Письмо к индусу), Tolstoy's 1908 open letter to Tarak Nath Das. Work-subject dive, interactive (not `--auto`)…
Run report — 1908-i-cannot-be-silent
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Dive:** *Не могу молчать* / *I Cannot Be Silent* (1908), Tolstoy's essay against capital punishment.
Run report — A Confession (Исповедь) work-dive
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Mode:** autonomous (`--auto`), run **deep / multi-pass** with a **heavy** visual fan-out.
Run report — corpus-dive: 1901-1902-what-is-religion
updated 7 Jun 2026
**Slug:** `1901-1902-what-is-religion`
Run report — The Law of Violence and the Law of Love (Закон насилия и закон любви, 1908)
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Dive:** `docs/research/1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love/`
Run report — The Living Corpse (Живой труп) dive
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Slug:** `1900-the-living-corpse` · **Mode:** interactive, `--novel` (drama flex) · **Date:** 2026-06-12
Run-report — `1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology`
updated 10 Aug 2026
Work-dive on Tolstoy's *Examination of Dogmatic Theology* («Исследование догматического богословия», 1879–80) — the demolishing second panel…
Run-report — `1882-1884-what-i-believe`
updated 10 Aug 2026
Work-dive on Tolstoy's *What I Believe* (В чём моя вера?), the doctrinal sequel to *A Confession*
Run-report — `1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do`
updated 10 Aug 2026
Work-dive on Tolstoy's *What Then Must We Do?* (Так что же нам делать?), the fourth Prophet-period
Run-report — `1886-1887-on-life`
updated 10 Aug 2026
Work-dive on Tolstoy's *On Life* (О жизни), the philosophical capstone of the Prophet period and the metaphysic beneath the social ethic of …
Run-report — `1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you`
updated 10 Aug 2026
Work-dive on Tolstoy's *The Kingdom of God Is Within You* (Царство Божие внутри вас, 1890–93) — the great non-resistance / anti-state synthe…
Run-report — The Great Sin (Великий грех, 1905) corpus-dive
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Mode:** interactive (in-session, accept-edits). **Date:** 2026-06-21. **Kind:** work-subject dive (single work → one proposed `workRecord`…
Russkaya Mysl
updated 2 Oct 2026
Русская мысль (Russian Thought) was the journal that first tried to print [[A Confession]]. Its editor, S. A. Yuryev,…
Samara
updated 11 Oct 2026
Samara Governorate (Самарская губерния) appears in [[A Confession]] (1879–82) twice: as the steppe of the 1862 kumys …
Scholarly context — 1905–06 Krug chtenija tales (Phase-3 sweep)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Scope: the six недельное-чтение tales — Алёша Горшок, Корней Васильев, Молитва, Ягоды, За что?, Божеское и человеческое — plus Gorbunov-Posa…
Scholarly Context: Father Sergius (Отец Сергий, 1890–1898)
updated 10 Aug 2026
This document maps the **received scholarly view** against the dive's primary findings (the `_deepread.md`, `_sweep_genesis_witness.md`, and…
Scholarly context: Hadji Murat (Хаджи-Мурат, 1896–1904)
updated 10 Aug 2026
_Phase-3 scholarly-context gather for the novel-dive. Purpose: map the received/mainstream view so the dive can attribute it and read it cri…
Scholarly Context: The Kreutzer Sonata + Afterword
updated 10 Aug 2026
This document maps the **received scholarly view** against the dive's primary findings. It is a divergence map, not corroboration. Claims ar…
Scholarly sweep — 1903 folk tales (Phase 3)
updated 10 Aug 2026
*Scope: secondary/English-first web sweep, 2026-06-11. Not an adversarial harness —
Scholarship & Context: *Bethink Yourselves!* (Одумайтесь!, 1904)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Secondary-layer research file. Primary evidence (PSS text, diaries, letters) is handled in separate extracts.
Scholarship & Context: «Закон насилия и закон любви» / *The Law of Violence and the Law of Love* (1908)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Secondary-layer research file. The dive's spine is the primary record — Tolstoy's own text (PSS vol. 37), his 1908 diaries and notebooks (PS…
Scholarship & Historical Context — "Against the Death Penalty" cluster (1900–1910)
updated 13 Jun 2026
Phase-3 sub-step. Sources consulted: 18. Triangulation entries: 11.
Scholarship & reception pass — *The Christian Teaching* (Христианское учение, 1894–96, PSS Tom 39)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Scholarly-context, triangulation, and reception material for the dive. Method: **ground first in the project's own primary findings** (`_gen…
Scholarship & Reception — On Shakespeare and the Drama
updated 10 Aug 2026
Scholarship & Reception — «Не могу молчать» / "I Cannot Be Silent" (1908)
updated 10 Aug 2026
English-language scholarship treats "I Cannot Be Silent" primarily as a *late-life political protest* rather than as a philosophical treatis…
Scholarship Facts — народные рассказы & Posrednik
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Stage 1 — the Moscow meetings, 1883–early 1884.**
Scholarship layer — "A Letter to a Hindu" (1908)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Secondary sources compiled 2026-06-13 for the corpus-dive on Tolstoy's letter to Tarak Nath Das.
Scholarship layer — Late voice: encryption & compression (1900–1910)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Triangulation of conventional scholarly views against the dive's five main findings.
Scholarship sweep — Master and Man (Хозяин и работник, 1894–95)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Layer: secondary / scholarship + reception
Scholarship view — народные рассказы and the Posrednik project
updated 10 Aug 2026
*Generated 2026-06-11 by research subagent from web search + primary-source cross-check.*
Scholarship — Art & aesthetics satellites (received view)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Phase-3 deliverable for the corpus-dive *Art & aesthetics satellites* (four short Tolstoy pieces that apply the *What Is Art?* (1897–98) rel…
Scholarship — the received view on *Resurrection* (Воскресение, 1899), triangulated
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Status: SECONDARY / web-sourced.** This file adds the conventional scholarly view as a
Secondary layer — scholarly context
updated 10 Aug 2026
The conventional English-language view of the novella runs roughly as follows. It is treated as one of the masterpieces of Tolstoy's late fi…
Secondary scholarship & reception — *What I Believe* (В чём моя вера?, 1882–84)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Phase-3 layer. All secondary claims are attributed to named sources and are not asserted in the dive's voice. Where a claim comes from the P…
Secondary Scholarship Layer — The Devil (Дьявол, 1889/1909/1911)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Research prototype. Attribute, don't assert. Sources verified by web search/fetch unless marked `[unverified]`. Mainstream scholarship is co…
Secondary scholarship — «Рабство нашего времени» / The Slavery of Our Times (1900)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Phase-3 scholarship layer. Triangulates against the primary-corpus dive findings.
Secondary scholarship — «Христианство и патриотизм» (1894)
updated 10 Aug 2026
*Research-prototype layer. Every secondary claim is attributed to a named source. Confidence notes mark items not web-verified. Web searches…
Sergei Nikolaev
updated 2 Oct 2026
Visual Materials Catalogue — В чём моя вера? (What I Believe, 1882–1884)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Channels consulted: Wikimedia Commons API (gsrsearch), Commons category pages, archive.org IIIF, Google Books thumbnail API, imwerden.de (no…
Visual Materials Sweep — «Закон насилия и закон любви» (1908)
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Channels consulted:** local primary-sources/images/, Wikimedia Commons API (categorymembers + search + imageinfo), tolstoy.ru, tolstoy-lit…
Visual materials — *Одумайтесь!* / *Bethink Yourselves!* (1904)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Generated: 2026-06-08. Five images cached in `visuals/`. Web tools were available.
Visual materials — Late voice: encryption & compression (1900–1910)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Sweep date: 2026-06-12. Method: Wikimedia Commons API (`generator=search`, `prop=imageinfo&iiprop=url|extmetadata`), individual file pages v…
Visual materials — The Kreutzer Sonata (1887–1890)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Sweep date: 2026-06-08. Channels searched: local primary-sources mirror, Wikimedia Commons API (generator=search + imageinfo), tolstoy.ru mi…
Visual materials — The Power of Darkness (Власть тьмы, 1886)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Sweep date: 2026-06-10. Intensity: HEAVY four-channel visual-materials sweep for a canonical work.
Visual materials — The Slavery of Our Times (1900)
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Sweep:** light, single-channel (Wikimedia Commons API)
Visual materials — What Is Art? (1897–1898)
updated 10 Aug 2026
| subject | Leo Tolstoy, aged 69 |
Visual Materials — «Смерть Ивана Ильича» (The Death of Ivan Ilyich)
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Intensity:** light (~4–6 items)
Visual Materials — «Христианское учение» (The Christian Teaching)
updated 10 Aug 2026
**Work:** The Christian Teaching (Христианское учение), written 1894–96; first published by V. G. Chertkov abroad, 1898.
Visuals — Photographs & Portraits (Wikimedia Commons)
updated 10 Aug 2026
Source lane: photographs, painted portraits, and drawings from Wikimedia Commons.
Visuals — Russian State Museum Holdings
updated 10 Aug 2026
Sources surveyed: State Tolstoy Museum KAMIS portal (tolstoy-iss.kamiscloud.ru),
Vladimir Chertkov
updated 2 Oct 2026