Generated aggregate of every corpus-dive dossier, keyed by entity. It collates the verified primary-source citations already gathered across all dives so wiki ingestion reuses them instead of re-collating by hand. Generated — do not hand-edit; regenerate with python3 docs/research/lib/build_evidence_index.py. Writing the wiki pages remains a separate, human-in-the-loop step.
1. At a glance
- 46 dives · 427 distinct entities · 1263 evidence rows · 490 visuals
- By vault status: 9 exists · 7 stub · 411 missing
- 88 entities recur across ≥2 dives
2. Ingestion work-order
Entities not yet written (or only stubbed) that already have verified evidence, ranked by ingestion priority then evidence count. These are ready to write — the citations are collated in §3.
| Entity | Type | Status | Dives | #Ev | Depends on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soedinenie i perevod chetyrekh Evangelij | work | missing | fire-metaphor, gospel-translation, lords-prayer | 31 | — |
| Nikolai Strakhov | person | missing | 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1897-1898-what-is-art, crisis, gospel-translation, lords-prayer | 18 | leo-tolstoy, lev-tolstoy |
| Non-resistance | concept | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty, christian-anarchism | 14 | christian-anarchism |
| Fire of conscience | concept | missing | fire-metaphor | 12 | light-of-reason-свет-разума |
| Excommunication of Tolstoy | event | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection, break-with-the-church, gospel-translation | 11 | holy-synod-of-the-russian-orthodox-church, konstantin-pobedonostsev, resurrection-воскресение |
| Kratkoe izlozhenie Evangelija | work | missing | gospel-translation, lords-prayer | 11 | union-and-translation-of-the-four-gospels-соединение-и-перевод-четырёх-евангелий |
| Posrednik | institution | missing | folk-tales, krug-chtenija-tales, stories-for-the-people | 11 | — |
| Sholom Aleichem | person | missing | 1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression | 10 | — |
| What Is Art | concept | stub | 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites | 10 | — |
| Aylmer Maude | person | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, art-aesthetics-satellites, break-with-the-church, copyright-renunciation, doukhobors, gospel-translation | 9 | free-age-press, what-is-art, what-is-art-work |
| Capital Punishment | concept | missing | 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, against-the-death-penalty, krug-chtenija-tales | 9 | — |
| Doukhobors | group | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1898-father-sergius, doukhobors | 9 | — |
| Nicholas II | person | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, against-the-death-penalty, break-with-the-church, doukhobors | 9 | — |
| evgeny-irtenev | character | missing | 1889-1909-the-devil | 8 | leo-tolstoy, nikolai-fridrikhs |
| Nicholas I | person | missing | 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1903-after-the-ball, krug-chtenija-tales | 8 | — |
| aksinya-bazykina | person | missing | 1889-1909-the-devil, biryukov-sofia-relationship | 7 | leo-tolstoy |
| Mohandas Gandhi | person | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 7 | — |
| Stories for the People | concept | missing | stories-for-the-people | 7 | — |
| Vasily Brekhunov | character | missing | 1894-1895-master-and-man | 7 | — |
| Father Sergius | character | missing | 1890-1898-father-sergius | 6 | a-m-kuzminsky, l-d-urusov, leo-tolstoy |
| Fyodor Protasov | character | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 6 | n-s-gimer |
| Henry George | person | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1905-the-great-sin, tolstoyanism | 6 | lev-tolstoy, wage-slavery-tolstoys-concept |
| ivan-gorbunov-posadov | person | missing | 1889-1909-the-devil, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, krug-chtenija-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression, stories-for-the-people | 6 | posrednik-the-intermediary, посредник-posrednik-publishing-house |
| Konstantin Pobedonostsev | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1899-resurrection, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, break-with-the-church, stories-for-the-people | 6 | — |
| Narodnye rasskazy | concept | missing | folk-tales, krug-chtenija-tales | 6 | — |
| Otche nash (Tolstoy) | concept | missing | lords-prayer | 6 | the-gospel-in-brief-краткое-изложение-евангелия, union-and-translation-of-the-four-gospels-соединение-и-перевод-четырёх-евангелий |
| Wage Slavery | concept | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 6 | the-slavery-of-our-times-work |
| Ivan Sytin | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 5 | посредник-posrednik-publishing-house |
| Ivan Vasilyevich | character | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 5 | sergei-nikolaevich-tolstoy |
| Kishinev pogrom | event | missing | 1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales | 5 | — |
| Leonid Zvezdintsev (The Fruits of Enlightenment) | character | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 5 | — |
| Nikita (The Power of Darkness) | character | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 5 | — |
| Patriotism | concept | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 5 | christianity-and-patriotism-work |
| Professor Krugosvetlov (The Fruits of Enlightenment) | character | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 5 | — |
| Resurrection | work | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection, doukhobors | 5 | — |
| True Christianity (Tolstoy) | concept | missing | christian | 5 | — |
| V chem moja vera | work | missing | fire-metaphor, gospel-translation | 5 | union-and-translation-of-the-four-gospels-соединение-и-перевод-четырёх-евангелий |
| Vladimir Stasov | person | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama | 5 | — |
| Akim (The Power of Darkness) | character | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 4 | — |
| Free Age Press | institution | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty | 4 | vladimir-chertkov |
| Light of reason | concept | missing | fire-metaphor | 4 | — |
| Money as violence | concept | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 4 | lev-tolstoy |
| Nikita (Master and Man) | character | missing | 1894-1895-master-and-man | 4 | — |
| Stepan Pelageyushkin | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 4 | the-forged-coupon |
| Tanya (The Fruits of Enlightenment) | character | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 4 | — |
| The Colonel (After the Ball) | character | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 4 | andrei-petrovich-koreysh |
| Vasily Alekseev | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-1887-on-life | 4 | lev-tolstoy |
| Vasily Shchegolyonok | person | missing | folk-tales, krug-chtenija-tales, stories-for-the-people | 4 | — |
| Animal personality (Tolstoy) | concept | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 3 | lev-tolstoy, reason-as-the-law-of-life-разум |
| Anisya (The Power of Darkness) | character | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 3 | — |
| Art as infection | concept | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 3 | — |
| Bread labour | concept | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 3 | lev-tolstoy, t-m-bondarev |
| Christianity and Patriotism | work | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 3 | — |
| Critique of the state (Tolstoy) | concept | missing | 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you | 3 | lev-tolstoy, non-resistance-to-evil-by-force-непротивление-злу-насилием |
| Franco-Russian Alliance Festivities of 1893 | event | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 3 | patriotism-tolstoys-critique |
| Hadji Murat | character | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat | 3 | — |
| Holy Synod | institution | missing | 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, break-with-the-church | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| I Cannot Be Silent | work | missing | 1908-i-cannot-be-silent | 3 | — |
| Imam Shamil | person | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat | 3 | — |
| Love (On Life) | concept | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 3 | lev-tolstoy, reason-as-the-law-of-life-разум |
| Maria Semyonovna | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 3 | the-forged-coupon |
| Mikhail Engelhardt | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Moscow census of 1882 | event | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Nedelnoe chtenie | concept | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 3 | народные-рассказы-tolstoys-folk-tales |
| Nikolai Grot | person | missing | 1886-1887-on-life, 1897-1898-what-is-art | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| On Shakespeare and the Drama | work | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama | 3 | — |
| Pozdnyshev | character | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 3 | — |
| Pyotr Stolypin | person | missing | 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, late-voice-encryption-compression | 3 | — |
| Reason as the law of life | concept | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Russo-Japanese War | event | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 3 | — |
| Spiritual crisis (perevorot) | concept | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| stepanida | character | missing | 1889-1909-the-devil | 3 | aksinya-bazykina |
| Svobodnoe Slovo (Free Age Press) | institution | missing | late-voice-encryption-compression | 3 | vladimir-chertkov |
| The Christian Teaching | work | missing | 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching | 3 | — |
| The False Life | concept | missing | 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich | 3 | — |
| The five commandments (Sermon on the Mount) | concept | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe | 3 | lev-tolstoy, non-resistance-to-evil-непротивление-злу-насилием |
| The Forged Coupon | work | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 3 | — |
| The Great Sin | work | missing | 1905-the-great-sin | 3 | — |
| The Slavery of Our Times | work | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 3 | — |
| Timofei Bondarev | person | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| what-is-religion | work | missing | 1901-1902-what-is-religion | 3 | — |
| A Letter to a Hindu | work | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 2 | mohandas-k-gandhi, tarak-nath-das |
| Alexander Stolypin | person | missing | against-the-death-penalty | 2 | — |
| Anatoly Koni | person | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection, 1900-the-living-corpse | 2 | — |
| E. P. Gimer | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 2 | — |
| Edward Carpenter | person | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| Ernest Crosby | person | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1904-bethink-yourselves | 2 | — |
| Guy de Maupassant | person | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| N. S. Gimer | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 2 | — |
| New understanding of life (Tolstoy) | concept | missing | 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you | 2 | lev-tolstoy |
| Nikolai Gogol | person | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| Non-resistance to evil | concept | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe | 2 | lev-tolstoy |
| Non-resistance to evil by force | concept | missing | 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you | 2 | lev-tolstoy |
| On Gogol | work | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| Preface to Carpenter’s Modern Science | work | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| Preface to the English Edition of What Is Art? | work | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | what-is-art |
| Tarak Nath Das | person | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 2 | — |
| The Works of Guy de Maupassant | work | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| Vasily Andreyev-Burlak | person | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 2 | — |
| Antony Vadkovsky | person | missing | break-with-the-church | 1 | holy-synod-of-the-russian-orthodox-church |
| Excommunication of Leo Tolstoy | event | missing | christian | 1 | true-vs-church-christianity |
| Ivan Ilyich Mechnikov | person | missing | 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich | 1 | — |
| Metropolitan Makary (Bulgakov) | person | missing | 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology | 1 | lev-tolstoy |
| Nikolai Gusev | person | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty | 7 | — |
| Confession | work | stub | crisis, fire-metaphor, gospel-translation | 6 | — |
| Unity of life | concept | missing | folk-tales | 6 | народные-рассказы-tolstoys-folk-tales |
| Spiritualism | concept | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 5 | — |
| Alexander III | person | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 4 | — |
| Infection theory of art | concept | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites | 4 | what-is-art |
| Na kazhdyj den | work | missing | fire-metaphor | 4 | fire-of-conscience-the-luke-1249-motif, light-of-reason-свет-разума |
| Nikolai Davydov | person | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1900-the-living-corpse | 4 | — |
| Tolstoy’s wisdom anthologies | concept | missing | late-voice-encryption-compression | 4 | — |
| Adolf Marks | person | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection | 3 | — |
| Alexander Stakhovich | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 3 | — |
| Alexandra Andreyevna Tolstaya | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Art for the people | concept | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 3 | — |
| Ban of The Kreutzer Sonata (1889) | event | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 3 | alexander-iii, konstantin-pobedonostsev, sophia-tolstaya |
| Censorship in late Imperial Russia | concept | missing | late-voice-encryption-compression | 3 | — |
| Death (On Life) | concept | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 3 | lev-tolstoy, the-animal-personality-and-true-life-животная-личность-/-истинная-жизнь |
| Division of labour (Tolstoy’s critique) | concept | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Dmitry Khilkov | person | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, christian | 3 | — |
| Evgeny Popov | person | missing | 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Four Gospels Harmonised and Translated (1895) | edition | missing | gospel-translation | 3 | union-and-translation-of-the-four-gospels-соединение-и-перевод-четырёх-евангелий |
| Gaspra | place | missing | 1901-1902-what-is-religion | 3 | — |
| Narodny rasskaz (folk tale) | concept | missing | late-voice-encryption-compression | 3 | — |
| Nikolai Ge | person | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, stories-for-the-people | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Nikolai Lvov | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 3 | — |
| Paul Eltzbacher | person | missing | christian-anarchism | 3 | leo-tolstoy |
| Private property in land | concept | missing | 1905-the-great-sin | 3 | henry-george |
| Put zhizni | work | missing | fire-metaphor | 3 | fire-of-conscience-the-luke-1249-motif |
| Running the gauntlet | concept | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 3 | — |
| Svobodnoe Slovo | institution | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, break-with-the-church | 3 | vladimir-chertkov |
| Tatyana Tolstaya | person | stub | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| The Law of Love and the Law of Violence | concept | missing | 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love | 3 | non-resistance-непротивление-злу-насилием |
| Valeria Arsenyeva | person | missing | biryukov-sofia-relationship | 3 | pavel-biryukov, sofia-tolstaya |
| Vasily Sutaev | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 3 | lev-tolstoy |
| Adin Ballou | person | missing | 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you | 2 | lev-tolstoy, non-resistance-to-evil-by-force-непротивление-злу-насилием |
| Afanasy Ageev | person | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 2 | — |
| Andrei Petrovich Koreysh | person | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 2 | — |
| Biography of Leo Tolstoy (Biryukov) | criticalWork | missing | biryukov-sofia-relationship | 2 | pavel-biryukov |
| Burning of Arms | event | missing | fire-metaphor | 2 | fire-of-conscience-the-luke-1249-motif |
| Caucasus highlanders | group | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat | 2 | — |
| Critique of beauty | concept | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 2 | — |
| Epidemic suggestion | concept | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama | 2 | — |
| Gabriel Sacy | person | missing | christian-anarchism | 2 | christian-anarchism, leo-tolstoy |
| Ilya Repin | person | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, stories-for-the-people | 2 | — |
| Karl Marx | person | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 2 | — |
| Kherson Execution 1908 | event | missing | 1908-i-cannot-be-silent | 2 | capital-punishment-in-late-imperial-russia |
| Leonid Urusov | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1890-1898-father-sergius | 2 | — |
| Lubok | concept | missing | stories-for-the-people | 2 | посредник-posrednik-publishing-house |
| Lyapinsky house | place | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 2 | 1882-moscow-census |
| Lyubov Gurevich | person | missing | 1894-1895-master-and-man, art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | severny-vestnik |
| Masha (The Living Corpse) | character | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 2 | — |
| Metanoia | concept | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 2 | — |
| Mikhail Stakhovich | person | missing | break-with-the-church, tolstoyanism | 2 | leo-tolstoy |
| Mitrich (The Power of Darkness) | character | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 2 | — |
| Nikolai Fedorov | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession | 2 | lev-tolstoy |
| Nikolai Felten | person | missing | against-the-death-penalty | 2 | — |
| O zhizni | work | missing | fire-metaphor | 2 | light-of-reason-свет-разума |
| Ponyatie zhizni lecture | event | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 2 | moscow-psychological-society, n-ya-grot |
| Posrednik (The Intermediary) | institution | missing | late-voice-encryption-compression | 2 | vladimir-chertkov |
| Posthumous censorship of Hadji Murat (1912) | event | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat | 2 | nicholas-i, vladimir-chertkov |
| Pozdnyshev’s wife | character | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 2 | pozdnyshev |
| Prokofy (The Forged Coupon) | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 2 | the-forged-coupon |
| razumenie | concept | missing | lords-prayer | 2 | — |
| Religious consciousness | concept | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 2 | art-as-infection-заражение |
| Ruben Saillens | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 2 | — |
| Sakhatov (The Fruits of Enlightenment) | character | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 2 | — |
| Semyon (The Fruits of Enlightenment) | character | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 2 | — |
| Sergei Nikolaev | person | missing | 1905-the-great-sin | 2 | — |
| The chain of sin | concept | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 2 | — |
| The Kingdom of God Is Within You | criticalWork | stub | doukhobors, fire-metaphor | 2 | — |
| Three conditions of artistic creation | concept | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | what-is-art |
| Tolstoy’s four-part religious project | concept | missing | 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology | 2 | lev-tolstoy |
| True science as the knowledge of how to live | concept | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| Umberto I | person | missing | against-the-death-penalty | 2 | capital-punishment-in-late-imperial-russia |
| Varenka B. | character | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 2 | varvara-andreevna-koreysh |
| Varvara Mac-Gahan | person | missing | tolstoyanism | 2 | leo-tolstoy |
| Vladimir Posse | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse, art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| Afanasy Fet | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession | 1 | — |
| Akulina (The Power of Darkness) | character | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Aleksandr Ikonnikov | person | missing | 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love | 1 | — |
| Alexander Kuzminsky | person | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | — |
| Baba Premananda Bharati | person | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 1 | — |
| Bertha von Suttner | person | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 1 | — |
| Dmitri Lizogub | person | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 1 | — |
| Dushan Makovicky | person | missing | tolstoyanism | 1 | leo-tolstoy |
| Ekaterinoslav Death Sentences 1908 | event | missing | against-the-death-penalty | 1 | capital-punishment-in-late-imperial-russia |
| Eugen Heinrich Schmitt | person | missing | christian-anarchism | 1 | christian-anarchism, leo-tolstoy |
| Field Courts-Martial | event | missing | 1908-i-cannot-be-silent | 1 | capital-punishment-in-late-imperial-russia |
| Fyodor Mikhailovich Smokovnikov | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 1 | the-forged-coupon |
| Gavriil Rusanov | person | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 1 | — |
| Grossman (The Fruits of Enlightenment) | character | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 1 | — |
| Holy Synod Excommunication 1901 | event | missing | 1901-1902-what-is-religion | 1 | — |
| Issledovanie dogmaticheskogo bogoslovija | work | missing | gospel-translation | 1 | — |
| Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy | person | missing | 1894-1895-master-and-man | 1 | leo-tolstoy, sofia-andreevna-tolstaya |
| Ivan Sikorsky | person | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 1 | — |
| John Kenworthy | person | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 1 | — |
| John Ruskin | person | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 1 | — |
| Konstantin Stanislavski | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Lev Nikiforov | person | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 1 | — |
| Liza Protasova | character | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | e-p-gimer |
| Makovkina | character | missing | 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | father-sergius-stepan-kasatsky |
| Marya (Father Sergius) | character | missing | 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | father-sergius-stepan-kasatsky |
| Matryona (The Power of Darkness) | character | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Mikhail Elpidin | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, gospel-translation | 1 | — |
| Mikhail Novikov | person | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 1 | — |
| Mikhail Vorontsov | person | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat | 1 | — |
| Mitya Smokovnikov | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 1 | the-forged-coupon |
| Moscow Psychological Society | institution | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 1 | n-ya-grot |
| Most Holy Synod | institution | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe | 1 | — |
| nikolai-fridrikhs | person | missing | 1889-1909-the-devil | 1 | — |
| Nikolai Leskov | person | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, folk-tales, stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Optina Pustyn | place | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | — |
| Pashenka (Father Sergius) | character | missing | 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | father-sergius-stepan-kasatsky |
| Pavel Biryukov | person | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, fire-metaphor | 1 | — |
| Premiere of The Living Corpse (1911) | event | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | konstantin-stanislavski, vladimir-nemirovich-danchenko |
| Pyotr Hansen | translator | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 1 | — |
| Robert Owen | person | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 1 | — |
| Rzhanov house | place | missing | 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do | 1 | 1882-moscow-census |
| Sergei Maximov | person | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 1 | — |
| Sergei Nikolaevich Tolstoy | person | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 1 | — |
| Sergei Tolstoy | person | stub | art-aesthetics-satellites, doukhobors | 1 | — |
| Single tax | concept | missing | 1905-the-great-sin | 1 | henry-george |
| Sinking of the Petropavlovsk | event | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 1 | russo-japanese-war |
| Solomon Minor | person | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe | 1 | lev-tolstoy |
| Synod ban of On Life | event | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 1 | lev-tolstoy |
| Tatyana Kuzminskaya | person | missing | 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich | 1 | — |
| The Decorous Lie | concept | missing | 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich | 1 | the-false-life-«не-то» |
| The Gimer case | event | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | e-p-gimer, n-s-gimer |
| Trukhachevsky | character | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 1 | pozdnyshev |
| Universal military conscription (Tolstoy) | concept | missing | 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you | 1 | the-state-as-organised-violence-and-the-four-means-критика-государства |
| Viktor Karenin | character | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Voprosy filosofii i psikhologii | institution | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 1 | — |
| William Lloyd Garrison | person | missing | 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you | 1 | lev-tolstoy, non-resistance-to-evil-by-force-непротивление-злу-насилием |
| Maria Tolstaya | person | stub | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1905-the-great-sin | 7 | lev-tolstoy |
| Eucharist satire in Resurrection | concept | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection | 5 | resurrection-воскресение |
| The Fruits of Enlightenment première (1889) | event | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 4 | n-v-davydov, t-l-tolstaya |
| Alyosha the Pot | character | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 3 | — |
| Anatoly Svetlogub | character | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 3 | dmitri-lizogub |
| Boris Eikhenbaum | person | missing | 1908-i-cannot-be-silent | 3 | — |
| Deception of faith | concept | missing | 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching | 3 | — |
| Dushan Makovitsky | person | missing | 1905-the-great-sin, 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 3 | — |
| Pyotr Verigin | person | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves, break-with-the-church, doukhobors | 3 | — |
| Aleksandr Butlerov | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 2 | — |
| Alexander Buturlin | person | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1905-the-great-sin | 2 | — |
| Alexander Goldenweiser | person | missing | 1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales | 2 | — |
| Anton Chekhov | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 2 | — |
| Constantin von Tischendorf | person | missing | lords-prayer | 2 | — |
| Counterfeits of art | concept | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 2 | art-as-infection-заражение |
| Dmitri Nekhlyudov (Resurrection) | character | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection | 2 | resurrection-воскресение |
| Efim Ivus | person | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 2 | — |
| Etienne de La Boetie | person | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 2 | — |
| Free Hindustan | concept | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 2 | — |
| Georg von Gizycki | person | missing | break-with-the-church | 2 | — |
| Gospel Christians / icon-rejecting sectarians (The Forged Coupon) | group | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 2 | the-forged-coupon |
| Ivan Turgenev | person | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites | 2 | — |
| John Coleman Kenworthy | person | missing | christian-anarchism, gospel-translation | 2 | christian-anarchism, the-four-gospels-harmonised-and-translated-brotherhood-/-walter-scott-1895–96 |
| John Van der Veer | person | missing | christian | 2 | — |
| Kreutzer Sonata (Beethoven) | concept | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 2 | — |
| Main Administration for Press Affairs | institution | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 2 | — |
| Moscow Art Theatre | institution | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 2 | — |
| Nikolai Mikhailovich | person | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat, break-with-the-church | 2 | — |
| November Uprising | event | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 2 | — |
| Pavel Boulanger | person | missing | 1901-1902-what-is-religion, against-the-death-penalty, folk-tales | 2 | — |
| Prayer (Tolstoy) | concept | missing | 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching | 2 | — |
| Pyotr Samarin | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 2 | — |
| Swami Vivekananda | person | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 2 | — |
| Séance at Lvov’s flat | event | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 2 | n-a-lvov |
| Theosophischer Wegweiser | institution | missing | folk-tales | 2 | — |
| Tiflis archive helpers (Esadze, Nakashidze, Potto, Veidenbaum) | person | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat | 2 | — |
| Vladimir Istomin | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 2 | — |
| Wincenty Migurski | person | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 2 | — |
| Abrege de l’Evangile | work | missing | lords-prayer | 1 | the-gospel-in-brief-краткое-изложение-евангелия |
| Afremov | character | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Akim Volynsky | person | missing | 1894-1895-master-and-man, art-aesthetics-satellites | 1 | severny-vestnik |
| Albert Škarvan | person | missing | 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu | 1 | — |
| Aleksandr Ivanov (copyist) | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Alexander Afanasyev | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Alexander Pypin | person | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe | 1 | — |
| Alexandrinsky Theatre | institution | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 1 | — |
| Allen Clarke | person | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 1 | — |
| André Antoine | person | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Anna Pavlovna (The Living Corpse) | character | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | e-a-simon |
| Anyutka (The Power of Darkness) | character | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Appeal to the Clergy | concept | missing | folk-tales | 1 | — |
| Archimandrite Misail | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 1 | the-forged-coupon |
| Archimandrite Tikhon (censor) | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Boris Chicherin | person | missing | 1901-1902-what-is-religion | 1 | — |
| Brotherhood Publishing Company | institution | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 1 | aylmer-maude |
| Chem ljudi zhivy | work | missing | fire-metaphor | 1 | — |
| Detsky Otdykh | institution | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| domna | person | missing | 1889-1909-the-devil | 1 | — |
| E. A. Simon | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Efrem Koloskov | person | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Eugen Schmitt | person | missing | 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times | 1 | — |
| Evgeny Feoktistov | person | missing | 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Fyodor Avelan | person | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 1 | — |
| Fyodor Zheltov | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Gavril Rusanov | person | missing | 1901-1902-what-is-religion | 1 | — |
| Georg Brandes | person | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama | 1 | — |
| Georg Gervinus | person | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama | 1 | — |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | person | missing | 1905-the-great-sin | 1 | — |
| Grigory Zakharyin | person | missing | 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich | 1 | — |
| Hodite v svete poka est svet | work | missing | fire-metaphor | 1 | fire-of-conscience-the-luke-1249-motif |
| I. Ivanov | person | missing | tolstoyanism | 1 | leo-tolstoy |
| Ilya Mechnikov | person | missing | 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich | 1 | ivan-ilyich-mechnikov |
| Immanuel Kant | person | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 1 | — |
| Ivan Ivakin | person | missing | gospel-translation | 1 | — |
| Ivan Ladyzhnikov | person | missing | 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, against-the-death-penalty | 1 | — |
| Ivan Moskvin | person | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Ivan Nazhivin | person | missing | christian | 1 | — |
| Ivan Petrov | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Ivan Petrovich Aleksandrov | character | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | aleksandr-petrovich-ivanov |
| Ivan Tolstoy | person | missing | 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching | 1 | — |
| Ivan Zakharyin-Yakunin | person | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 1 | — |
| Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | person | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama | 1 | — |
| John Morrison Davidson | person | missing | christian-anarchism | 1 | christian-anarchism |
| John of Kronstadt | person | missing | break-with-the-church | 1 | — |
| Katyusha Maslova | character | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection | 1 | resurrection-воскресение |
| Khristofor Abrikosov | person | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 1 | — |
| Kievskie Vesti | institution | missing | 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love | 1 | — |
| Konstantin Sibiryakov | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Korganov family (I. I. Korganov & A. A. Korganova) | person | missing | 1896-1904-hadji-murat | 1 | — |
| Lev Lvovich Tolstoy | person | stub | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 1 | — |
| Mahin (The Forged Coupon) | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 1 | stepan-pelageyushkin, the-forged-coupon |
| Marian Zdziechowski | person | missing | christian | 1 | — |
| Mary (Father Sergius) | character | missing | 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | father-sergius-stepan-kasatsky, nicholas-i |
| Maxim Gorky | person | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | — |
| Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov) | person | missing | 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology | 1 | lev-tolstoy |
| Mikhail Lentovsky | person | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Mitrofan Shchepkin | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Moscow Gypsy Choirs | group | missing | 1900-the-living-corpse | 1 | — |
| Nikolai Ge (the younger) | person | missing | 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching | 1 | — |
| nikolai-obolensky | person | missing | 1889-1909-the-devil, 1903-after-the-ball | 1 | maria-tolstaya |
| Nikolai Ozmidov | person | missing | 1886-1887-on-life | 1 | lev-tolstoy |
| Nikolai Wagner | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 1 | — |
| Obnovlenie | institution | missing | against-the-death-penalty | 1 | — |
| Osip Feldman | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 1 | — |
| Otets Sergij | work | missing | fire-metaphor | 1 | light-of-reason-свет-разума |
| Paul Deroulede | person | missing | 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism | 1 | — |
| Pyotr Nikolaevich Sventitsky | character | missing | 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon | 1 | the-forged-coupon |
| Richard Wagner | person | missing | 1897-1898-what-is-art | 1 | — |
| Rumyantsev Museum | place | missing | 1879-1882-a-confession | 1 | n-f-fedorov |
| Sergei Stepnyak-Kravchinsky | person | missing | krug-chtenija-tales | 1 | — |
| Single tax (Henry George) | concept | missing | 1889-1899-resurrection | 1 | — |
| Skomorokh Theatre | institution | missing | 1886-the-power-of-darkness | 1 | — |
| Smert Ivana Ilicha | work | missing | fire-metaphor | 1 | — |
| Stepan Makarov | person | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 1 | petropavlovsk-sinking |
| Varvara Andreevna Koreysh | person | missing | 1903-after-the-ball | 1 | — |
| Vasily Marakuev | person | missing | stories-for-the-people | 1 | — |
| Vasily Vereshchagin | person | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 1 | petropavlovsk-sinking |
| Vasily Zolotarev | person | missing | 1890-1898-father-sergius | 1 | — |
| Vissarion Belinsky | person | missing | art-aesthetics-satellites | 1 | — |
| Vladimir Lopatin | person | missing | 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment | 1 | — |
| William Shakespeare | person | missing | 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama | 1 | — |
| Yevgeny Feoktistov | person | missing | 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata | 1 | — |
| Yulia Igumnova | person | missing | 1904-bethink-yourselves | 1 | — |
| Tolstoys religious conversion | concept | missing | crisis | 3 | — |
| Doukhobor Emigration to Canada | event | missing | doukhobors | 2 | — |
| Ivan Tregubov | person | missing | doukhobors | 2 | — |
| Dmitri Khilkov | person | missing | doukhobors | 1 | — |
| Grigory Golitsyn | person | missing | doukhobors | 1 | — |
| Help (Pomogite) | criticalWork | missing | doukhobors | 1 | — |
| Leonila Annenkova | person | missing | crisis | 1 | — |
| State Tolstoy Museum | institution | missing | copyright-renunciation | 1 | — |
| The Burning of Arms | event | missing | doukhobors | 1 | — |
| What I Believe | work | missing | crisis | 1 | — |
49 entities are named across the dives but carry no evidence rows yet (research gaps, not ready to ingest): Aleksandr Ivantsov-Platonov, Aleksandra Kalmykova, Alexander Ivanov (copyist), Amvrosy of Optina, Anna Chertkova, Anna Olsufyeva, August Deubner, Baroness Meyendorf, Butler (Hadji Murat), Constance Garnett, Ernest Howard Crosby, Felix Ortt, Ilya Halperine-Kaminsky, Isabel Hapgood, Isabella Fyvie Mayo, Ivan Aksakov, Jubilee Edition, Jules Legras, Konstantin Kavelin, Konstantin Leontyev, Leo Wiener, Leonid Obolensky, Leonid Pasternak, Leopold Sulerzhitsky, liza-irteneva, Mahatma Gandhi, Maria Savina, Maria Schmidt, Marya Dmitrievna (Hadji Murat), Mikhail Elpidine, Mikhail Loris-Melikov, Nikolai Orlov, Pavel Birukov, Petr Chelcicky, Redemption (1918 play), Robert Bresson, Russkaya Mysl (journal), Sergei Taneyev, Sergei Yuryev, Shakers, Shusui Kotoku, Society of Art and Literature, Society of Friends, The Living Corpse (1929 film), Tolstoy 80th Birthday Jubilee, Uzlovaya encounter 1892, Vladimir Baryatinsky, Vladimir Lazursky, Vladimir Solovyov.
3. Collated citations, by entity
A Letter to a Hindu
work · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: The subject work itself — the record this dive proposes (see workRecord). An open letter / essay, PSS Tom 37 pp. 245–272. Its live destination is a works/ record (the workRecord proposal below), NOT a wiki/ page; wikiType: work is the Lab-only convention and vaultStatus: missing here means “no works/ record yet”, not “needs a wiki page”.
Только живи человек согласно с свойственным его сердцу и открытым уже ему законом любви, включающей в себя непротивление, и потому естественно не участвуя в каком бы то ни было насилии, и не только сотни не поработят миллионы, но миллионы не поработят одного. Не противьтесь злу, но и сами не участвуйте во зле, в насилиях администрации, судов, сборов податей и, главное, войска, и никто в мире не поработит вас. If man lives only in accord with the law of love which includes non resistance, which has been already revealed to him and is natural to his heart, and hence does not participate in any form of violence, not only hundreds will not enslave millions but even millions will be unable to enslave one individual. Do not resist evil, but also yourselves participate not in evil, in the violent deeds of the administration, of the law courts, the collection of taxes, and what is most important of the soldiers, and no one in the world will enslave you. (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Что значит то, что 30 тысяч людей, не силачей, даже скорее слабых и дурных людей, поработили 200 миллионов живых, умных, сильных, любящих свободу людей? Разве не ясно по одним цифрам, что не англичане, а сами индусы поработили себя. What does it mean that thirty thousand people not athletes, but rather weak and illooking have enslaved 200 millions of vigorous, clever, strong, freedom-loving people? Do not the figures make it clear that not the English, but the Hindoos, have enslaved themselves? (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Abrege de l’Evangile
work · missing · dives: lords-prayer
lords-prayer: Tolstoy’s own French condensation; carries Version D — the prayer as anti-petitionary section-headings. Cross-linked by the fire-metaphor dive too.
La prière ne peut pas consister dans les demandes que nous faisons à Dieu. Notre Père connaît tous nos besoins avant même que nous ne les ayons formulés. Prayer cannot consist in the requests we make to God. Our Father knows all our needs even before we have formulated them. (working English, from Tolstoy’s French — Abrégé de l’Évangile) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 941–969 · lords-prayer · 1881-1883
Adin Ballou
person · missing · dives: 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you
1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: American Universalist minister and non-resistance theorist (1803–1890); his Catechism of Non-Resistance and Christian Non-Resistance are the texts whose preface began the book. Tolstoy resurrects his work in chapter I; Ballou died in 1890 as the book was beginning. A small Commons portrait is cached.
Написал предисловие к катехизису Балу. (working English) Wrote a preface to Ballou’s catechism. — PSS Tom 51, pp. 60 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890-07-08 (OS)
Поправил перевод Гарисона и Балу и написал краткое предисловие, так, чтобы в таком виде можно было передать людям. (working English) Corrected the translation of Garrison and Ballou and wrote a short preface, so that in this form it could be given to people. — PSS Tom 51, pp. 68–69 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890-07-28 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Adin Ballou [PD]
Adolf Marks
person · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection
1889-1899-resurrection: Publisher of «Нива»; bought first-printing rights (12 Oct 1898 contract); ran the “domestic” censorship via editor Sementkovsky; pressed Tolstoy to finish.
Предоставляю Редакции Нивы право первого печатания моей повести Воскресение. Редакция же Нивы платит мне по ты сяче рублей за печатный лист в 35 000 букв. Двенадцать тысяч рублей Редакция выдает мне теперь же. (working English) I grant the editorial office of Niva the right of first publication of my novel Resurrection. The editorial office of Niva pays me one thousand roubles per printed sheet of 35,000 characters. Twelve thousand roubles the editorial office pays me now. — PSS Tom 71, pp. 279 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-10-12
Дело это предоставлено мною Черткову (V. Tchertkoff. Maldon. Essex, England), к которому немецкие переводчики и издатели имеют обратиться. […] В повести есть много мест нецензурных, и чем дальше я над нею работаю, тем этих нецензурных мест становится больше. (working English) [On foreign rights:] This matter has been delegated by me to Chertkov (V. Tchertkoff. Maldon. Essex, England), to whom German translators and publishers should apply. […] The novel contains many passages that will not pass the censor, and the further I work on it the more such passages appear. — PSS Tom 71, pp. 306 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-11-07
Будьте так добры переслать две тысячи рублей в Англию по следующему адресу: Vladimir Tchertkoff, Purleigh, Maldon, Essex, England. Две тысячи рублей эти я буду считать полученными мною за предоставленное вам право первого печатания в Ниве моего отрывка: История Матери. (working English) Please be so good as to forward two thousand roubles to England to the following address: Vladimir Tchertkoff, Purleigh, Maldon, Essex, England. These two thousand roubles I shall consider as received by me in exchange for the first-publication right in Niva which I have granted you for my excerpt: The Story of a Mother. — PSS Tom 72, pp. 056 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899-03-02
Afanasy Ageev
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Former Yasnaya Polyana servant, weigher at the Moscow–Kazan goods station; the informant whose report of the 36-hour shifts triggered the work (named Ageev in the first draft, anonymised in the final text)
рассказал мне, что там грузчики работают 36 часов сряду. Я ездил туда и видел этих людей и эту работу и хочется рассказать то, что довелось думать об этом. (working English) [Afanasy ... now a weigher on the Kazan railway] told me that the loaders there work 36 hours at a stretch. I went there and saw these people and this work, and I want to tell what I came to think about it. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 188–189 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-01-02 (OS; editorial history dates it 31 Dec 1899)
Никита! — сказал, не отвечая мне, Агеев, обращаясь к высокому красивому человеку в оборванной поддевке, который вышел из будки. (working English) ‘Nikita!’ said Ageev, not answering me, turning to a tall handsome man in a tattered coat who had come out of the hut. — PSS Tom 90, pp. 169–173 (variants) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1899-12 / 1900-01 (first draft)
Afanasy Fet
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession
1879-1882-a-confession: Poet and neighbour; correspondent and pessimist foil during the crisis.
Я очень занят. Из занятия моего ничего не выйдет, кроме моего удовлетворения, но все-таки очень занят. (working English) I am very busy. Nothing will come of my occupation except my own satisfaction, but I am very busy all the same. — PSS Tom 62, pp. 503–504 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1879-11-22 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — A. A. Fet (Repin, 1882) [PD]
Afremov
character · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: minor — Fedya’s carousing friend; borderline node (documented prototype)
В образе Афремова (в черновых редакциях — Афросимова) изображен Александр Павлович Офросимов (working English) “In the figure of Afremov (in the drafts, Afrosimov) is depicted Aleksandr Pavlovich Ofrosimov [1846–1921, a rich Tula landowner, neighbour and acquaintance of the Tolstoys, a great lover of gypsy singing].” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 534 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Akim (The Power of Darkness)
character · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Nikita’s father — the inarticulate, God-fearing peasant (the “тае” speech tic) who voices the play’s moral truth and, in rapture, blesses his son’s confession.
От людей утаишь, а от Бога не утаишь. (working English) “You can hide it from people, but you cannot hide it from God.” (Akim to Nikita, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~140 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Бог трудиться велел. А ты, значит, тае, положил в банку деньги, да и спи, а деньги тебя, значит, тае, поваля кормить будут. Скверность это, значит, не по закону это. (working English) “God bade us labour. But you, see, tae, put money in the bank and sleep, and the money, tae, lying down, will feed you. That’s vileness, that is, that’s not by the law.” (Akim, Act 3 — the usury speech the censor circled.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~159 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Себя не пожалел, Он тебя пожалеет. (working English) “You did not spare yourself — He will spare you.” (Akim, “в восторге”/in rapture, embracing his son, Act 5.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~243 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
В 5-м действии он должен упираться, гнушаясь видом сватьбы, потом начать понимать, в чем дело, потом придти в восторг от поступка сына (working English) “In Act 5 he must resist, loathing the sight of the wedding, then begin to understand what is happening, then come to rapture at his son’s deed.” (Tolstoy directing the actor on how to play Akim.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 24 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-03-05
Akim Volynsky
person · missing · dives: 1894-1895-master-and-man, art-aesthetics-satellites · names: Akim Lvovich Volynsky (Flekser) / Akim Volynsky (Flekser)
1894-1895-master-and-man: Literary critic and co-editor of Severny Vestnik (1861–1926, pen-name Volynsky); practical handler of the three rounds of proof corrections in Jan–Feb 1895. art-aesthetics-satellites: Editor of «Северный вестник»; handled the Carpenter-preface proofs and added the Greek epigraph.
распространено и укоренилось суеверие, по которому считается, что для блага человечества совсем не нужно распространение истинных религиозных и нравственных знаний, а нужно только изучение опытных наук (working English) [in Russian society there is] spread and rooted the superstition that for the good of mankind there is no need at all to spread true religious and moral knowledge, but only to study the experimental sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
aksinya-bazykina
person · missing · dives: 1889-1909-the-devil, biryukov-sofia-relationship
1889-1909-the-devil: The married peasant woman of Tolstoy’s 1858–60 affair; the documented prototype for Stepanida. Mother of a son (the diary’s «Ермил»; biographers’ Timofei Bazykin). biryukov-sofia-relationship: Married peasant; Tolstoy’s affair and illegitimate son Timofei; basis of The Devil; the other pre-marriage-women axis (no documented Sofia-vetoed chapter found)
связь с крестьянской женщиной из нашей деревни, до моей женитьбы, — на это есть намек в моем рассказе «Дьявол». (working English) a liaison with a peasant woman of our village, before my marriage — there is a hint of it in my story ‘The Devil.’ — PSS Tom 27, pp. 714-728 · 1889-1909-the-devil
вспомнил Аксинью, то, что она жива, и, говорят, Ермил мой сын (working English) remembered Aksinya, that she is alive, and that, they say, Ermil is my son. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 714-728 · 1889-1909-the-devil
Я влюблен, как никогда в жизни. Нет другой мысли. Мучаюсь. (working English) I am in love as never before in my life. No other thought. I am tormented. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 15 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1858-05-13 (OS)
Имел Аксинью....; но она мне постыла. (working English) Had Aksinya…; but she has become repugnant to me. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 16 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1858-06-16 (OS)
Аксинью продолжаю видать исключительно. (working English) I continue to see Aksinya exclusively. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 21-22 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1859-10-09 (OS)
Уж не чувство оленя, а мужа к жене. (working English) No longer the feeling of a stag, but of a husband to his wife. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 25 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1860-05-26 (OS)
И так до связи с крестьянкой Акс. — она жива. (working English) And so up to the liaison with the peasant woman Aks. — she is alive. — PSS Tom 56, pp. 173-174 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1908-07-09 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — Aksinya Bazykina [unknown]
Akulina (The Power of Darkness)
character · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Pyotr’s deaf, half-witted daughter; seduced by Nikita, mother of the murdered child. At the end she corroborates his confession.
На погребице доской ребеночка ее задушил. (working English) “In the cellar I smothered her little child with a board.” (Nikita’s public confession at the wedding, Act 5.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~242 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Albert Škarvan
person · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: Slovak physician and Tolstoyan; made the authorized German translation «Brief an einen Hindu» (1910), with a foreword by Eugen Heinrich Schmitt. (1869–1926.)
На английском языке письмо впервые было напечатано в журнале М. Ганди «Indian opinion» 1910, январь. In English the letter was first printed in M. Gandhi’s journal «Indian Opinion», January 1910. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 444–446 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1910-01
Aleksandr Butlerov
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Eminent chemist (structural theory) and convinced spiritualist (d. 1886); the name-source for Professor Krugosvetlov (Кутлеров). With Wagner, the leading St-Petersburg scientist-spiritualist; hosted the medium D. D. Home in 1871.
Звездинцев и Сахатов, прототипами для которых послужили Н. А. Львов и П. Ф. Самарин. ... фамилия профессора звучала сначала Кутлер, затем Кутлеров, т. е. созвучно с фамилией знаменитого химика и в то же время спирита академика и профессора — А. М. Бутлерова (working English) “...Zvezdintsev and Sakhatov, whose prototypes were N. A. Lvov and P. F. Samarin. ...the professor’s surname sounded at first Kutler, then Kutlerov — i.e. consonant with the surname of the famous chemist and at the same time spiritualist, academician and professor A. M. Butlerov.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 655 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
И главное мое с годами всё усиливающееся отвращение, от которого я не отрекаюсь, ко всяким суевериям, к которым я причисляю спиритизм. (working English) “And the main thing is my hatred, growing with the years, which I do not renounce, of every kind of superstition, among which I count spiritualism.” (To the zoologist-spiritualist N. P. Wagner, 25 March 1890.) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 51 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-03-25
Aleksandr Ikonnikov
person · missing · dives: 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love
1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: Conscientious objector (refused military service) whose letters Tolstoy quoted in the contemporary-refusers material (chs X–XII); addressed by name in the work.
В статье этой я говорю об отказах от военной службы и о вас и привожу места из ваших писем In this article I speak of refusals of military service and of you, and I cite passages from your letters. (working English) — PSS Tom 78 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-05-10
Aleksandr Ivanov (copyist)
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: Tolstoy’s copyist; prototype of Aleksandrov; leaked the plot to a reporter (Nov 1900); co-copied the base manuscript (ms. № 14)
послужил прототипом Ивана Петровича Александрова. (working English) “[Tolstoy’s copyist Aleksandr Petrovich Ivanov, a sick man who suffered from drinking bouts, a frequent visitor of the Khitrovka flophouse] served as the prototype of Ivan Petrovich Aleksandrov.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 534 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Alexander Afanasyev
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Folklorist whose «Народные русские легенды» supplied plots for «Чем люди живы» (analogue), «Кающийся грешник», «Как чертенок краюшку выкупал», «Крестник», «Работник Емельян».
Духовная цензура дала отзыв, что не знает «книги безбожнее этой» (working English) The spiritual censorship gave the verdict that it knew of no book more godless than this. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 725–734 · stories-for-the-people · 1937 (apparatus, on the 1886 verdict)
Alexander Buturlin
person · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1905-the-great-sin · names: A. S. Buturlin / Aleksandr Sergeevich Buturlin
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Reader and new 1884 correspondent; recipient of Tolstoy’s clearest account of the ban and the paid manuscript-copy distribution network. 1905-the-great-sin: Physician, old acquaintance; present 20 April 1905 when the peasant Pyotr Osipov reproached Tolstoy for buying land (E23). Peripheral — a witness to the complicity episode. Verify any vault page.
Она вышла и запрещена; но не сожжена, а увезена в Петербург, где, сколько мне известно, те, которые запретили ее, разбирают ее по экземплярам и читают. И то хорошо. У меня есть и будут рукописные экземпляры — плачу я за переписку по 15 р. (working English) It came out and was banned; but not burned — taken to Petersburg, where, as far as I know, those who banned it are sharing the copies among themselves and reading it. That is something at least. I have and will have manuscript copies — I pay 15 rubles for the copying. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 155–157 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1884-02-19 (OS)
он жестко упрекал меня за то, что я говорю, а скупаю землю. Было и больно и хорошо he harshly reproached me for the fact that I speak [against it] yet buy up land. It was both painful and good (working English) — PSS Tom 55 · 1905-the-great-sin · 1905-04-21
Alexander Goldenweiser
person · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales
1903-after-the-ball: Pianist and household intimate; present at Yasnaya Polyana 6–7 Aug 1903, his memoir «Вблизи Толстого» is the key witness to the two-day first draft. Already routed by the 1903-folk-tales dive. folk-tales: Pianist and intimate of the household; his memoir «Вблизи Толстого» is the key 1903 witness — recorded Tolstoy’s account of the tales, the Esarhaddon source, the swan-legend behind Work Death and Sickness, and the «tat tvam asi» plan for «Это ты».
Особенно сильным переделкам подверглась вторая часть рассказа (сцена экзекуции), в первом наброске очень сжатая, и заключение. Однако окончательной отделки рассказ не получил и при жизни Толстого напечатан не был. (working English) The second part of the story (the execution scene) — very compressed in the first draft — and the conclusion underwent especially heavy reworking. The story did not, however, receive its final polish and was not printed in Tolstoy’s lifetime. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 551 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
Эта же сказка дала Толстому повод к написанию «Ассирийского царя Асархадона» (working English) This same tale gave Tolstoy the occasion for writing “Esarhaddon, King of Assyria”. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 561 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Alexander III
person · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Emperor; first praised the play (“Чудная вещь”) and ordered it staged, then banned the stage after Pobedonostsev’s protest. 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Emperor; granted permission (Apr 1891) to print the work, but only inside the Collected Works.
Александр III остался очень доволен пьесой и после пятого акта воскликнул: «Чудная вещь». (working English) “Alexander III was very pleased with the play and after the fifth act exclaimed: ‘A wonderful thing.’” (Court reading by Stakhovich, 27 Jan 1887.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 717 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01-27
Мое мнение и убеждение, что эту драму на сцене давать невозможно, она слишком реальна и ужасна по сюжету. (working English) “My opinion and conviction is that this drama is impossible to give on stage — it is too real and horrible in subject.” (Alexander III to Pobedonostsev, 19 Feb 1887, reversing himself.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 718 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-02-19
добилась с государем свидания, которое произошло 13 апреля в Петербурге. (working English) obtained an audience with the Sovereign, which took place on 13 April [1891] in Petersburg. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
была у государя, и он разрешил напечатать «Крейцерову Сонату». (working English) she had an audience with the sovereign, and he permitted the printing of The Kreutzer Sonata. — PSS Tom 65 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1891-05-22
Alexander Kuzminsky
person · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1890-1898-father-sergius
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Prosecutor (1843–1917), married to S. A. Tolstaya’s sister T. A. Bers; one of the «приятели, прокуроры, судьи» of ch. III whom Tolstoy teased with «не судите». Knew the work in its first redaction. 1890-1898-father-sergius: Tolstoy’s brother-in-law; named prototype (with Urusov) for Sergius’s character.
Большое самолюбие ( Кузмннский и Урусов ), честолюбие и потребность безукоризненности. (working English) Great self-love (Kuzminsky and Urusov), ambition, and a need for impeccability. — PSS Tom 51, pp. 98-101 · 1890-1898-father-sergius · 1890-10-31
Alexander Pypin
person · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Literary historian; the correspondent to whom Tolstoy reported delivering the last sheets to the printer (10 Jan 1884) and stated the censorship double-bind.
Не могу себе представить, чтò сделает цензура. Пропустить нельзя. Не пропустить тоже, мне кажется, в их видах нельзя. (working English) I cannot imagine what the censorship will do. To pass it is impossible. Not to pass it, it seems to me, is also against their interest. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 149–152 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1884-01-10 (OS)
Alexander Stakhovich
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Theatre-lover whose reading-aloud of Ostrovsky and Gogol at Yasnaya (mid-Oct 1886) prompted Tolstoy to begin the play — the same spark as The Power of Darkness. 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Theatre-lover whose reading-aloud of Ostrovsky sparked the writing; read the play in society salons and before Alexander III; central to the censorship campaign.
работа над комедией была начата осенью 1886 г., одновременно или почти одновременно с работой над «Властью тьмы» (working English) “...work on the comedy was begun in the autumn of 1886, simultaneously or almost simultaneously with the work on The Power of Darkness.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 648 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
«Власть тьмы» вообще выше понимания масс, которым только доступны народные рассказы и поучения Льва Николаевича (working English) “...The Power of Darkness is altogether above the understanding of the masses, to whom only Lev Nikolaevich’s folk tales and teachings are accessible.” (A. A. Stakhovich’s argument to the censor, per his letter to S. A. Tolstaya.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 714 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01
Александр III остался очень доволен пьесой и после пятого акта воскликнул: «Чудная вещь». (working English) “Alexander III was very pleased with the play and after the fifth act exclaimed: ‘A wonderful thing.’” (Court reading by Stakhovich, 27 Jan 1887.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 717 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01-27
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — Valentin Serov — Portrait of Alexei Stakhovich (1911) [PD]
Alexander Stolypin
person · missing · dives: against-the-death-penalty
against-the-death-penalty: A. A. Stolypin (1863–1925), journalist and poet at Novoe Vremya, younger brother of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin and son of Tolstoy’s Sevastopol friend A. D. Stolypin; died in émigré Belgrade. His «Заметки» (18 Dec 1908) defended the death penalty via Mark 7:9–13 — the provocation for «Смертная казнь и христианство». Tolstoy answered him in one word: «стыдно».
Между тем в Евангелии только в одном месте (Ев. от Марка гл. 7, ст. 9—13) упоминается о смертной казни и... в пользу ее: Yet in the Gospel the death penalty is mentioned in only one place (Mark 7:9–13) — and… in its favour. (working English) — quoting A. A. Stolypin’s article. — PSS Tom 38, pp. 40 · against-the-death-penalty · 1909
Оправдывать смертную казнь словами Христа не решался до сих пор ни один изувер. Такое оправдание, кроме своей искусственности, и глупо, и бессовестно. To justify the death penalty with the words of Christ no fanatic has dared until now. Such a justification, besides being contrived, is both stupid and shameless. (working English) — PSS Tom 38, pp. 41 · against-the-death-penalty · 1909
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — PSS Tom 38, p. 39 — the opening page of «Смертная казнь и христианство» (title + the student’s letter) [PD]
Alexandra Andreyevna Tolstaya
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe
1879-1882-a-confession: Lady-in-waiting and Orthodox interlocutor; the believer Tolstoy argued his new faith against; recipient of two key (unsent) confessional letters. 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Lady-in-waiting and devout Orthodox interlocutor; the believer Tolstoy argues his faith against. The 1884 letters to her are the book’s clearest self-definition (‘my personal faith’) and its sharpest reception map (‘the Orthodox think me the devil’).
Обличаемые спрятались за цензуру и штыки (working English) Those exposed have hidden behind censorship and bayonets. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 90–91 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1882-03-03 (OS, unsent)
Весь смысл моих писаний тот, что я высказываю свою, свою личную веру и нетолько не говорю, что помимо моей веры нет спасения, но признаю, что всякая вера хороша, если она искренна, и непременно соединяет нас в делах любви. (working English) The whole meaning of my writings is that I express my own, my personal faith — and not only do I not say that outside my faith there is no salvation, but I acknowledge that every faith is good if it is sincere, and surely unites us in works of love. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 200–202 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1884 (OS; exact date undetermined)
Одни — либералы и естетики считают меня сумашедшим или слабоумным в роде Гоголя; другие — революционеры, радикалы считают меня мистиком, болтуном; правительственные люди считают меня зловредным революционером; православные считают меня диаволом. (working English) Some — liberals and aesthetes — think me mad or feeble-minded like Gogol; others — revolutionaries, radicals — think me a mystic, a windbag; government people think me a noxious revolutionary; the Orthodox think me the devil. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 200–202 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1884 (OS; exact date undetermined)
Alexandra Tolstaya
person · exists · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1904-bethink-yourselves, copyright-renunciation · names: Alexandra Tolstaya / Alexandra Andreevna Tolstaya
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: Daughter; copyist; publisher of the Moscow 1911 Posthumous Artistic Works. 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Tolstoy’s elder kinswoman (the lady-in-waiting), Orthodox correspondent; addressee of the brevity/clarity statement. DISAMBIGUATION NEEDED — the existing ‘Alexandra Tolstaya.md’ may be the daughter Alexandra Lvovna, not A. A. Tolstaya. See needsReview. 1904-bethink-yourselves: Tolstoy’s youngest daughter (“Sasha”); copyist of the essay’s drafts (the cover sheet “Черновики. 30 января 1904 г.” is in her hand) and of chapter XII. copyright-renunciation: daughter; designated heir in the final will arrangements
однако с цензурными урезками however, with censorship excisions (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 580 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1911
изложение в самой короткой и всем понятной форме the exposition, in the shortest and universally comprehensible form (working English) — PSS Tom 67 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1894-09-04
Alexandrinsky Theatre
institution · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: St Petersburg Imperial theatre; gave the first public/Imperial performance of the comedy on 26 September 1891, once the stage ban was eased to the Imperial stage.
эту пьесу неудобною для сцены, на любительских же театрах она может быть разрешена (working English) “[His Majesty is pleased to find] this play unsuitable for the [public] stage, but on amateur theatres it may be permitted.” (Alexander III’s resolution, in Minister Durnovo’s hand, on the report of 26 April 1890 [OS].) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 667 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-04-26
Allen Clarke
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: English author of The Effects of the Factory System (1899), the book Tolstoy asked Maude to send
Пришлите мне, пожалуйста, книжку: The effects of the factory system, Allen Clarke, London (working English) Please send me the book: The Effects of the Factory System, Allen Clarke, London. — PSS Tom 72, pp. 289–291 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-01-27 (OS)
Alyosha the Pot
character · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: The title character of Алёша Горшок — the uncomplaining («безответный») peasant lad whose one revelation is being loved for himself, who dies without protest. prototypes[]: the real half-witted helper-cook/yard-man at Yasnaya Polyana in the 1860s (E10).
есть еще отношения совсем особенные: не то чтобы нужно было человеку вычистить сапоги, или снести покупку, или запречь лошадь, а то, что человек так, ни зачем нужен другому человеку, нужно ему послужить, его приласкать, и что он, Алеша, тот самый человек. (working English) there are also quite special relations: not that a person needs his boots cleaned, or a purchase carried, or a horse harnessed, but that a man is simply needed by another man for no reason at all, that one should serve him, show him tenderness — and that he, Alyosha, is that very man. — PSS Tom 36, pp. 54–58 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1905
А в сердце у него было то, что как здесь хорошо, коли слушаешь и не обижаешь, так и там хорошо будет. (working English) And in his heart there was this: that just as it is good here, if you obey and do not wrong anyone, so it will be good there too. — PSS Tom 36, pp. 54–58 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1905
Алеша Горшок — живое лицо. (working English) Alyosha Gorshok is a real person. — PSS Tom 36, pp. 582–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1936 (PSS apparatus, V. S. Mishin)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — First page of the autograph manuscript of «Алёша Горшок» («Размер подлинника» — actual size) [PD]
Anatoly Koni
person · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection, 1900-the-living-corpse · names: Anatoly Fyodorovich Koni / A. F. Koni
1889-1899-resurrection: Jurist; source of the plot (the Rozalia Oni case, told June 1887); the working title «Коневская повесть». Ceded the subject 1888. 1900-the-living-corpse: jurist; intervened in the real Gimer case (commuting exile to imprisonment); wrote the essay «Живой труп в действительности» (1911); Tolstoy refused to let him read the play (1904). Same legal-circle source as Resurrection.
В конечной стадии работы над третьей редакцией впервые дано подробное описание богослужения в тюремной церкви (см. варианты №№ 57 и 58). (working English) In the final stage of work on the third redaction the detailed description of the divine service in the prison church is given for the first time (see variants nos. 57 and 58). — PSS Tom 33, pp. 329-422 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1935
Нет, это читать не стоит: оно не кончено, да и вообще мне не нравится, и я его совсем бросил (working English) “No, it’s not worth reading: it’s not finished, and anyway I don’t like it, and I’ve dropped it altogether.” (Tolstoy to A. F. Koni, spring 1904, refusing to let him read the play; reported by Koni.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 541 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — A. F. Koni, oil portrait by Ilya Repin, 1898 [PD], A. F. Koni and Leo Tolstoy together [PD]
Anatoly Svetlogub
character · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: The executed revolutionary of Божеское и человеческое, transformed by the Gospel into the «божеское» pole of the title. prototypes[]: Dmitri Lizogub (E29); the name evolved Синегуб → Светлогуб.
именно, отдать душу свою; не сберечь, а отдать. В этом радость, в этом жизнь. (working English) precisely, to give up one’s soul; not to save it, but to give it. In this is joy, in this is life. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 194–227 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1903–1905
прости им, они не знают, что творят. (working English) forgive them, they know not what they do. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 194–227 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1903–1905
В Одессе 8 августа 1879 г. были повешены по обвинению в подготовке покушения на Александра II трое революционеров — Лизогуб, Чубаров и Давиденко. (working English) In Odessa on 8 August 1879 three revolutionaries — Lizogub, Chubarov and Davidenko — were hanged on a charge of preparing an attempt on Alexander II. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 645–665 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Andrei Petrovich Koreysh
person · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: Kazan military commander (воинский начальник); father of Varvara Koreysh; the documented real figure behind the colonel — the dancing father and the flogging officer in one. Spelling «Корейш» per Tolstoy’s own note.
веселый бал в Казани, влюблен в Корейшу красавицу, дочь воинского начальника[…]танцую с нею; ее красавец старик-отец ласково берет ее и идет мазурку. И на утро после влюбленной бессонной ночи звуки барабана и сквозь строй гонит татарина, и воинский начальник велит больней бить. (Очень бы хорошо) (working English) a gay ball in Kazan, in love with a Koreysh beauty, daughter of the military commander … I dance with her; her handsome old father tenderly takes her and dances the mazurka. And in the morning, after the love-struck sleepless night, the sounds of a drum, and he drives a Tatar through the gauntlet, and the military commander orders them to beat harder. (Would be very good.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
я знал одного такого, который накануне с красавицей дочерью танцовал мазурку на бале и уезжал раньше, чтобы на завтра рано утром распорядиться прогонянием на смерть сквозь строй бежавшего солдата татарина, засекал этого солдата до смерти и возвращался обедать в семью (working English) I knew one such man, who the evening before had danced the mazurka with his beautiful daughter at a ball and left early so as to give orders the next morning for a runaway Tatar soldier to be driven to death through the gauntlet — flogged the soldier to death and returned to dine with his family. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1886
André Antoine
person · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Founder of the Théâtre Libre, Paris; staged the world première (10 Feb 1888) and played Akim. The play’s European career ran ahead of Russia.
10 февраля 1888 г. она была поставлена в Париже в «Théâtre libre» в переводе И. Я. Павловского и Оскара Магенье под названием «La Puissance des Ténèbres». (working English) “On 10 February 1888 it was staged in Paris at the Théâtre Libre, in the translation of I. Ya. Pavlovsky and Oscar Méténier, under the title La Puissance des Ténèbres.” — PSS Tom 26, pp. 720 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1888-02-10
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — La Puissance des ténèbres — 1887 French first-edition title page (Perrin, trans. Halpérine) [PD], André Antoine (founder of the Théâtre Libre) [PD]
Animal personality (Tolstoy)
concept · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: The book’s central opposition: the ‘animal personality’ (животная личность) that seeks its own good and perishes, versus the ‘true life’ born when its good is renounced and it is subordinated to reason. The ‘fundamental contradiction of human life’ and its resolution.
Живет всякий человек только для того, чтобы ему было хорошо, для своего блага. (working English) Every man lives only in order that it may be well with him, for his own good. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 324 (гл. I) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Отречение от блага животной личности есть закон жизни человеческой. (working English) The renunciation of the good of the animal personality is the law of human life. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 363 (гл. XV) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Животная личность для человека — это лопата, которая дана разумному существу для того, чтобы ею копать и, копая, тупить ее и точить, тратить, а не отчищать и хранить. (working English) The animal personality is for man a spade, given to a rational being so that he should dig with it and, in digging, blunt and whet it, wear it out — not polish and preserve it. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 365 (гл. XVI) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Anisya (The Power of Darkness)
character · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Pyotr’s wife (orig. named Aksinya in the plan); poisons her husband to marry Nikita, then forces the infanticide. The chain’s most active agent.
Отравление мужа было придумано мною, но даже главные фигуры навеяны действительным происшествием. (working English) “The poisoning of the husband was invented by me, but even the main figures were inspired by the actual event.” (Tolstoy to Rakshanin.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 705 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Задуши скорей, не будет живой. (working English) “Smother it quick, it won’t stay alive.” (Anisya, throwing the newborn into the cellar, Act 4.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~232 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Доской прикрыл, на доску сел. Кончил, должно. (working English) “He covered it with a board, sat on the board. Finished it, must have.” (Anisya, watching, Act 4.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~233 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Anna Pavlovna (The Living Corpse)
character · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: secondary — Liza’s mother; carries a documented prototype
многие черты которой воплощены в образе матери Лизы Протасовой, Анны Павловны. (working English) “…[E. A. Simon] many of whose traits are embodied in the figure of Liza Protasova’s mother, Anna Pavlovna.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Anton Chekhov
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: author of Uncle Vanya, the MAT production of which provoked Tolstoy into beginning the play (Jan 1900)
после просмотра пьесы А. П. Чехова «Дядя Ваня» (working English) “…work on the play was begun only in January 1900, after seeing A. P. Chekhov’s play Uncle Vanya at the Moscow Art Theatre.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 534 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Ездил смотреть Дядю Ваню и возмутился. Захотел написать драму Труп, набросал конспект. (working English) “Went to see Uncle Vanya and was indignant. Wanted to write the drama Corpse, sketched an outline.” (Diary, 27 Jan 1900.) — PSS Tom 54, pp. 10 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900-01-27 (OS)
Antony Vadkovsky
person · missing · dives: break-with-the-church
break-with-the-church: Metropolitan of St Petersburg and Ladoga, chair of the Synod; edited (Kolstø: chiefly initiated) the edict and signed it first; replied to Sofia Tolstaya’s protest letter. The senior churchman of the break.
Это определение, составленное Победоносцевым, было проредактировано митрополитом петербургским и ладожским Антонием и другими членами синода и одобрено Николаем II. (working English) This edict, composed by Pobedonostsev, was revised by Metropolitan Antony of St Petersburg and Ladoga and other members of the Synod, and approved by Nicholas II. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575–577 · break-with-the-church · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Metropolitan Antony (Vadkovsky) of St Petersburg, photograph, 1904 [PD]
Anyutka (The Power of Darkness)
character · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Pyotr’s younger daughter, age 10; the frightened child of the variant Act 4 who intuits the infanticide and whose terror carries its indirect horror.
Вашей сестры в России большие миллионы, а все как кроты слепые, — ничего не знаете. (working English) “There are great millions of your sisters in Russia, and all like blind moles — you know nothing.” (Mitrich to little Anyutka, variant Act 4.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~217 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Appeal to the Clergy
concept · missing · dives: folk-tales
folk-tales: Tolstoy’s 1902 anticlerical treatise; «Разрушение ада» was conceived as its companion-illustration. Cross-reference, not a tale-record of this dive.
Легенда «Разрушение ада и восстановление его» была задумана Толстым как «иллюстрация» к статье «Обращение к духовенству». Источником легенды послужила одна из легенд, рассказанных Толстому в 1879 г. В. П. Щеголенком (working English) The legend “The Destruction of Hell and Its Restoration” was conceived by Tolstoy as an “illustration” to the article “Appeal to the Clergy”. The source of the legend was one of the legends told to Tolstoy in 1879 by V. P. Shchegolyonok. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 546–547 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Archimandrite Misail
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The religion-teacher who becomes a monk and persecutes the sectarians; the novella’s anti-clerical strand (the most-censored material).
однако с цензурными урезками however, with censorship excisions (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 580 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1911
Archimandrite Tikhon (censor)
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Member of the spiritual censorship committee; author of the surviving 1887 verdict against «Сказка об Иване Дураке» (E31).
Сказка об Иване Дураке,— говорит он, — проводит, можно сказать принципиально мысли о возможности быть царству без войны, без денег, без науки, без купли и продажи, даже без царя (working English) The Tale of Ivan the Fool — he says — advances, one may say as a matter of principle, ideas of the possibility of a kingdom existing without war, without money, without science, without buying and selling, even without a tsar. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 715–719 · stories-for-the-people · 1937 (apparatus, quoting the 1887 verdict)
Art as infection
concept · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: Tolstoy’s central positive criterion: art is the transmission of felt feeling, the receiver being ‘infected’ by it. The communication/expression theory of art.
Искусство есть деятельность человеческая, состоящая в том, что один человек сознательно известными внешними знаками передает другим испытываемые им чувства, а другие люди заражаются этими чувствами и переживают их. (working English) Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one person consciously, by certain external signs, transmits to others feelings he has lived through, and other people are infected by these feelings and also experience them. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch V (pp. 27–203) · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Признак, выделяющий настоящее искусство от поддельного, есть один несомненный — заразительность искусства. (working English) The one indubitable sign distinguishing real art from counterfeit is the infectiousness of art. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XV · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Более же всего увеличивается степень заразительности искусства степенью искренности художника. (working English) Most of all the degree of infectiousness of art is increased by the degree of the artist’s sincerity. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XV · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Art for the people
concept · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: The popular-accessibility ideal the play practises (folk speech, the Skomorokh stage) and that Tolstoy would theorise in What Is Art? (1897–98). The dive’s marquee tests the practice→theory link.
Так как с самого начала работы над пьесой Толстой предназначал ее для постановки на сцене народного театра (working English) “Since from the very beginning of work on the play Tolstoy intended it for staging on the people’s-theatre stage...” — PSS Tom 26, pp. 708 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Крестьянами драма не была понята и не произвела на них того впечатления, на которое рассчитывал автор. (working English) “The drama was not understood by the peasants and did not produce on them the impression the author had counted on.” (Of the reading aloud to ~40 Yasnaya Polyana peasants.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 708 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886-11
будет полезна для тех, для «большого света»[…]для которого я писал ее, но вам она совсем не нужна. (working English) “...it (the play) will be useful for those, for the ‘great world,’ for whom I wrote it, but you have no need of it at all.” (Tolstoy to Countess A. A. Tolstaya, ~Jan 1887.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 6 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01
Aylmer Maude
person · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, art-aesthetics-satellites, break-with-the-church, copyright-renunciation, doukhobors, gospel-translation · names: Aylmer Maude / Aylmer and Louise Maude
1897-1898-what-is-art: English translator of What Is Art?; his 1898 translation was the first complete, uncensored text; later Tolstoy’s biographer. Use type: person with a translator role (schema note). 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Tolstoy’s English friend, biographer and translator; supplied the factory-condition books (Clarke, Haw) and translated the work as The Slavery of Our Times (1900) 1901-1902-what-is-religion: English biographer and translator; received a progress report from Gaspra (23 Sept 1901) while composing «Resurrection» translation; also managing the Tolstoy Society correspondence 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: Tolstoy’s authorised English translator/biographer; in the composition window he was translating folk tales (Chertkov letter 6 Oct 1903). Co-translator/biographer context for reception. 1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Translators (with a translator role) of the authorised English ‘I Cannot Be Silent’ (Free Age Press, 1908), published the same year as the Russian text. Aylmer Maude’s authorised Life of Tolstoy also dates to 1908. art-aesthetics-satellites: Tolstoy’s authorised English translator/biographer; his 1898 translation is the first complete, uncensored What Is Art?. Central to the English-edition preface. break-with-the-church: English translator and authorised biographer; rendered the Reply («A Reply to the Synod’s Edict» / «My Reply to the Synod»), To the Clergy («An Appeal to the Clergy»), and others into English; his Life of Tolstoy (1910) Ch. 16 is the main English account of the excommunication’s reception. copyright-renunciation: English translator/biographer; correspondent on free translation rights doukhobors: Helped organise the emigration and its funding; later Tolstoy’s English translator and biographer; wrote A Peculiar People (1904). gospel-translation: Tolstoy’s English biographer and translator; his Gospel in Brief (1921) is the standard later English version (cross-link fire-metaphor)
Книга эта моя «Что такое искусство?» выходит теперь в первый раз в ее настоящем виде. (working English) This book of mine, What Is Art?, now comes out for the first time in its true form. — PSS Tom 30, pp. pp. 204–206 (preface to the English edition) · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1898-03-17
чаще кажется, что ничтожно, что я не имею права свои последние силы класть на такое неважное дело (working English) more often it seems trivial, that I have no right to lay my last strength on such an unimportant matter — PSS Tom 88, pp. letter to V. G. Chertkov, 12 Jul 1897 · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897-07-12
Система, по которой действуют все народы мира, основана на самом грубом обмане, на самом глубоком невежестве или на соединении обоих (working English) The system on which all the peoples of the world act is founded on the grossest deception, on the deepest ignorance, or on a combination of the two. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 144 (epigraph) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Пришлите мне, пожалуйста, книжку: The effects of the factory system, Allen Clarke, London (working English) Please send me the book: The Effects of the Factory System, Allen Clarke, London. — PSS Tom 72, pp. 289–291 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-01-27 (OS)
Пишу я, как вы знаете, о религии, «Что такое религия?». Написано и много раз пересмотрено 12 глав, — остается едва ли 6. (working English) I am writing, as you know, about religion, ‘What is religion?’ Twelve chapters have been written and many times reviewed — barely 6 remain. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 247–250 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-11-06
Это начатое мною предисловие к статье Crosby об отношении Шекспира к рабочему народу, которое переросло статью Crosby и стоило мне большого труда. (working English) This is the preface I began to Crosby’s article on Shakespeare’s relation to the working people, which has outgrown Crosby’s article and cost me much labour. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 308-310 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-10-06 (OS)
опубликовано одновременно в газетах почти всех цивилизованных стран 15-го июля 1908 г. и произвело глубокое впечатление published simultaneously in the newspapers of almost all civilised countries on 15 July 1908, and produced a deep impression — from I. P. Ladyzhnikov’s publisher’s preface. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 426 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Она вышла в России в нескольких изданиях, но во всех в таком изуродованном цензурою виде, что я прошу всех тех, кого интересуют мои взгляды на искусство, судить о них только по книге в ее настоящем виде. (working English) It came out in Russia in several editions, but in all of them in a form so mutilated by the censorship that I ask everyone interested in my views on art to judge them only by the book in its true form. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 204-206 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1898-03-29
Книга эта моя «Что такое искусство?» выходит теперь в первый раз в ее настоящем виде. (working English) This book of mine, What Is Art?, now appears for the first time in its true form. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 204-206 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1898-03-29
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Aylmer Maude (1858–1938), English translator [CC-BY-SA], Aylmer Maude, 1919 [CC-BY-SA]
Baba Premananda Bharati
person · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: Bengali Vaishnava missionary (b. Surendranath Mukherjee, 1858–1913). His book «Sree Krishna: The Lord of Love» (New York, 1904) is the source of the “Krishna” epigraphs studded through the letter — Tolstoy translated passages into Russian. Yet Tolstoy also names “Baba Bharatis” among the “new interpreters... of what no one stands in need”. Source and target at once.
Всё, что существует, едино: люди только называют это единое разными именами. All that exists is One; people only call this One by different names. (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Ban of The Kreutzer Sonata (1889)
event · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: The Dec 1889 print ban and the lithograph/hectograph circulation that followed; resolved into the Collected Works only, June 1891; separate- edition ban held until 1900.
Эта редакция распространилась в многочисленных списках и литографированных и гектографированных изданиях и стала достоянием широких читательских кругов. (working English) This redaction spread in numerous copies and in lithographed and hectographed editions and became the property of wide reading circles. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
категорически объявлено, что она ни в каком случае не будет допущена к выпуску в свет (working English) categorically informed that under no circumstances will it be permitted to appear. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
вышла, наконец, в свет тринадцатая часть сочинений Толстого с «Крейцеровой сонатой» и «Послесловием» к ней (working English) the thirteenth part of Tolstoy’s works finally appeared with The Kreutzer Sonata and its Afterword. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Visuals: 2 (1 usable) — Сочинения т. 13 (1890/1891) — first authorised Russian printing, title page [unknown], Foreign first editions, 1890 (French: La Sonate à Kreutzer; English: Tucker) [PD]
Bertha von Suttner
person · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Austrian pacifist, author of Die Waffen nieder!; Tolstoy considered sending the essay to her journal (S. A. Tolstaya’s suggestion)
и пошлю в «Daily Chronicle» и к Suttner (working English) ...and [I] will send it to the Daily Chronicle and to Suttner [for her journal Die Waffen nieder, named in the same sentence]. — PSS Tom 87, pp. 231–233 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-10-30 (OS)
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Bertha von Suttner (Carl Pietzner, 1903) [PD], Bertha von Suttner (Carl Pietzner, 1906) [PD]
Bethink Yourselves!
work · exists · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: The 1904 anti-war essay closing on the Luke 12:49 keystone the user cited
Чего желал Христос, совершается. Огонь возгорается. Не будем же противиться, а будем служить ему. What Christ wished for is coming to pass. The fire is blazing up. Let us then not resist it, but serve it. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · fire-metaphor · 1904
Христос, тогда еще, в свое время томился ожиданием и говорил: «Огонь пришел низвесть я на землю, и как желал бы, чтобы он возгорелся». (Лука XII, 49.) Christ, even then, in his time, was in anguish of expectation and said: “Fire I came to cast upon the earth, and how I would wish that it were kindled.” (Luke XII, 49.) (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · fire-metaphor · 1904
это искра того огня, который Христос низвел на землю и который начинает возгораться. this is a spark of that fire which Christ brought down to the earth and which is beginning to blaze up. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · fire-metaphor · 1904
Biography of Leo Tolstoy (Biryukov)
criticalWork · missing · dives: biryukov-sofia-relationship
biryukov-sofia-relationship: The four-volume authorized biography; Vol II (1908) carries the dedication; editions settled in the biryukov-biography-editions dive
Ni har ock afvärjt mycken ofärd från hans hufvud. You have also averted much misfortune from his head. (working English) — source language Swedish. — Vol II front matter · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1908-01-11
S. A. Tolstojs arkiv. The archive of S. A. Tolstaya. (working English) — footnote sourcing the volume’s closing quotation; documentary sign of Sofia’s cooperation. — Vol II p. 453 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1908-08-27
Visuals: 4 (4 usable) — Biryukov biography Tom 1, 1911 Moscow (Kushnerov) cover [PD], Biryukov biography Tom 1, 1921 Berlin (Ladyzhnikov) cover [PD], Tolstoy youth (1848), biography plate [PD], The four Tolstoy brothers, biography plate [PD]
Boris Chicherin
person · missing · dives: 1901-1902-what-is-religion
1901-1902-what-is-religion: philosopher (B. N. Chicherin) whose book «Наука и религия» (Science and Religion) Tolstoy read in February 1901 and rejected as ‘artificial constructions on a set theme’; the rejection catalysed Tolstoy’s own opening definition. (Tolstoy’s diary loosely renders the title «Религия и Наука».)
Искал определение религии, взял книгу Чичерина — Религия и Наука. Искусственные построения на заданную тему. Мое определение такое: Это — такое установление человеком отношения к бесконечному,¹⁰ которым¹¹ определяется цель его жизни. (working English) Sought a definition of religion, took Chicherin’s book Religion and Science. Artificial constructions on a set theme. My definition is: It is such an establishment by man of his relation to the infinite, by which the purpose of his life is determined. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 86–89 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-02-08
Boris Eikhenbaum
person · missing · dives: 1908-i-cannot-be-silent
1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Author of the PSS Tom 37 editorial history and manuscript description for this essay (the dive’s editorial-history source). The Formalist critic; his Young Tolstoy is a criticalWork example in the schema. Low ingestion priority.
Имена политических деятелей, фигурирующих в нем, он опустил и все резкие выражения по их адресу вычеркнул или же значительно смягчил. The names of the political figures appearing in it he omitted, and all the sharp expressions addressed to them he struck out or significantly softened. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
«Херсон. 8 мая. Сегодня на стрельбищном поле казнены через повешение двадцать крестьян, осужденных военно-окружным судом за разбойное нападение на усадьбу землевладельца Лубенко в Елисаветградском уезде». “Kherson, 8 May. Today on the rifle-range field twenty peasants were executed by hanging, sentenced by a military district court for an armed attack on the estate of the landowner Lubenko in the Elisavetgrad district.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Перестаньте, а если не хотите перестать, то делайте то же и надо мною, потому что до тех пор, пока я жив, и вы будете делать то же, я не перестану обличать вас. Stop; and if you will not stop, then do the same to me too, because until I die, and while you go on doing the same, I will not cease to denounce you. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 431 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Bread labour
concept · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: The book’s positive doctrine: every person must do physical labour to win their own bread; specialization is a sacrifice, not a privilege. Drawn explicitly from Bondarev and Sutaev; the foundation of the later Tolstoyan colonies.
В Библии сказано, как закон человека: «в поте лица снеси хлеб, и в муках родиши чада». Мужик Бондарев, написавший об этом статью, осветил для меня мудрость этого изречения. (working English) In the Bible it is said, as a law for man: «in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, and in pain shalt thou bear children». The peasant Bondarev, who wrote an article about this, illuminated for me the wisdom of this saying. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XXXVIII (bread-labour / Bondarev) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
исполнять тот вечный, несомненный закон человека — трудом всего существа своего, не стыдясь никакого труда, бороться с природою для поддержания жизни своей и других людей. (working English) to fulfil that eternal, indubitable law of man — to struggle with nature, with the labour of one’s whole being, ashamed of no labour, for the support of one’s own life and the lives of others. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XXXVIII (the three answers) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
Цель одна — счастье, свое и семьи — зная, что счастье это в том, чтобы довольствоваться малым и делать добро другим. (working English) The single aim — the happiness of oneself and one’s family — knowing that this happiness lies in being content with little and doing good to others. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 122–123 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1884 (OS; aggregate, undated)
Brotherhood Publishing Company
institution · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: London publisher (linked to the journal «The New Order») that issued Maude’s English translation in three instalments (1898) — the first complete text.
Книга эта моя «Что такое искусство?» выходит теперь в первый раз в ее настоящем виде. (working English) This book of mine, What Is Art?, now comes out for the first time in its true form. — PSS Tom 30, pp. pp. 204–206 (preface to the English edition) · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1898-03-17
Burning of Arms
event · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: The literal fire that became the emblem of conscientious refusal Tolstoy championed; the metaphor made historical fact
это искра того огня, который Христос низвел на землю и который начинает возгораться. this is a spark of that fire which Christ brought down to the earth and which is beginning to blaze up. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · fire-metaphor · 1904
это искра того огня, который Христос низвел на землю и который начинает возгораться. this is a spark of that fire which Christ brought down to the earth and which is beginning to blaze up. (working English) — PSS Tom 88, pp. 718 · fire-metaphor · 1904-05-08
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — The Doukhobor Burning of Arms, 1895 (the literal fire of conscientious refusal) [unknown]
Capital Punishment
concept · missing · dives: 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, against-the-death-penalty, krug-chtenija-tales · names: Capital punishment in late-Imperial Russia / Capital punishment (smertnaya kazn)
1908-i-cannot-be-silent: The essay’s subject and the seed of the planned death-penalty theme-dive. The post-1905 execution wave; Russia’s earlier near-abolition; the moral and spiritual argument against it. against-the-death-penalty: The dive’s subject — the post-1905 execution wave, Russia’s earlier near-abolition (Empress Elizabeth) and the death penalty’s survival only under martial law / усиленная охрана. Shared with the centrepiece dive 1908-i-cannot-be-silent (which proposes the same page). krug-chtenija-tales: The doctrine these tales prosecute: За что? (the gauntlet, state torture) and Божеское и человеческое (the gallows, the destroyed executioner) condemn the death penalty in narrative — the same matter as «Не могу молчать» (1908), written amid the 1905–06 executions. Links the cluster to the late anti-death-penalty writing.
Нынче, 9 мая, что-то ужасное. В газете стоят короткие слова: «Сегодня в Херсоне на Стрельбицком поле казнены через повешение двадцать крестьян за разбойное нападение на усадьбу землевладельца в Елисаветградском уезде». Today, 9 May, something horrible. In the paper stand short words: “Today in Kherson, on the Strelbitsky Field, twenty peasants were executed by hanging for an armed attack on the estate of a landowner in the Elisavetgrad district.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 83 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
«Семь смертных приговоров: два в Петербурге, один в Москве, два в Пензе, два в Риге. Четыре казни: две в Херсоне, одна в Вильне, одна в Одессе». “Seven death sentences: two in Petersburg, one in Moscow, two in Penza, two in Riga. Four executions: two in Kherson, one in Vilna, one in Odessa.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 83 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
О казнях, повешениях, убийствах, бомбах пишут и говорят теперь, как прежде говорили о погоде. Дети играют в повешение. Of executions, hangings, murders, bombs they now write and speak as they used to speak of the weather. Children play at hanging. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 87 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
только благодаря этой страшной мере всё чаще и чаще стала употребляться вернее всего развращающая людей, противная христианскому духу русского народа и не признанная до этого в нашем законодательстве смертная казнь, составляющая величайшее, запрещенное богом и совестью человека преступление. only thanks to this terrible measure [reinforced security] has the death penalty come to be used more and more often — the surest corrupter of people, contrary to the Christian spirit of the Russian people and not recognised until now in our legislation — constituting the greatest crime, forbidden by God and by the conscience of man. (working English) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 241 · against-the-death-penalty · 1901
Министры же, и те, которые занимаются торговлей водкой, и те, которые заняты обучением людей убийству, и те, которые заняты присуждениями к изгнаниям, тюрьмам, каторгам, вешанию людей, все министры и их помощники — эти уже вполне уверены, что и самовары, и овцы, и холсты, и телки, отбираемые от нищих, находят самое свое лучшее помещение в приготовлении водки, отравляющей народ, в изготовлении орудий убийства, в устройстве тюрем, арестантских рот и т. п. And the ministers — those engaged in the vodka trade, and those engaged in teaching people to kill, and those engaged in sentencing people to exile, prison, hard labour, the hanging of people — all the ministers and their assistants are quite certain that the samovars, sheep, linens and calves taken from the destitute find their very best use in the making of vodka that poisons the people, in the manufacture of instruments of murder, in the building of prisons and convict-companies, and so on. (working English) — PSS Tom 38, pp. 22 · against-the-death-penalty · 1910
в газетах появилось известие о том, что русский царь, как он выразился, «даровал жизнь» этим приговоренным 32 человекам. news appeared in the papers that the Russian tsar had, as he put it, “granted life” to these 32 condemned men. (working English) — PSS Tom 38, pp. 47 · against-the-death-penalty · 1909
прости им, они не знают, что творят. (working English) forgive them, they know not what they do. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 194–227 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1903–1905
задавил гидру революции не только в Польше (working English) [Nicholas Pavlovich rejoiced that he had] crushed the hydra of revolution not only in Poland [but in all Europe]… — PSS Tom 42, pp. 84–106 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906
чтение газет с 22 казненными, и я начал писать об этом. (working English) reading the newspapers with 22 executed, and I began to write about it. — PSS Tom 55, pp. 256 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906-10-10 (OS)
Visuals: 3 (2 usable) — Leo Tolstoy, 1909 [PD], Leo Tolstoy, studio portrait, Kazakov (Odessa), 1900 [PD], Running the gauntlet (сквозь строй / Spießruten) — period illustration [unknown]
Caucasus highlanders
group · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat
1896-1904-hadji-murat: The mountain peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan (Avars, Chechens) whose world the novel renders from inside (chs. I, XVII, XIX, the songs). groupType ethnic-group (the wiki-schema v1.4 worked example). Distinct from Muridism (a concept) and the Imamate (an institution/state).
Чувство, которое испытывали все чеченцы, от мала до велика, было сильнее ненависти. (working English) The feeling all the Chechens experienced, from small to great, was stronger than hatred. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Сын же его, тот красивый, с блестящими глазами мальчик, который восторженно смотрел на Хаджи-Мурата, был привезен мертвым к мечети на покрытой буркой лошади. (working English) And his son, that handsome, bright-eyed boy who had gazed in rapture at Hadji Murat, was brought dead to the mosque on a horse covered with a burka. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — Ivan Aivazovsky, Aul Gunib in Dagestan, 1869 [PD], Franz Roubaud, End of the Caucasian War, 1900 [PD], Map of the North-West Caucasus Line, E. D. Felitsyn, 1899 [PD]
Censorship in late Imperial Russia
concept · missing · dives: late-voice-encryption-compression
late-voice-encryption-compression: The apparatus the whole dive turns on — state press censorship, the spiritual (Synod) censor, and (per Chertkov) the «second censor» of the liberal press that mutilated Tolstoy’s articles. The constraint that forced genre and channel choices.
приписал мне таким образом утверждение догмата искупления thus ascribing to me the affirmation of the redemption dogma (working English) — PSS Tom 30 · late-voice-encryption-compression
Какое праздное занятие вся наша подцензурная литература! What an idle occupation is all our censored literature! (working English) — PSS Tom 55 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1904-01-14
В таком случае нельзя печатать. In that case it cannot be printed. (working English) — PSS Tom 77 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1907-09-05
Chem ljudi zhivy
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: Folk-tale: the angel emits divine light when he understands («от Михайлы свет идет»)
И видят хозяева, что от Михайлы свет идет. And the masters see that light comes from Mikhaila. (working English) — PSS Tom 25, pp. 7–25 · fire-metaphor · 1881
Christian Anarchism
concept · exists · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, christian-anarchism · names: Christian anarchism / Christian Anarchism
1882-1884-what-i-believe: The political teaching for which What I Believe is the foundational text (rejection of courts, oaths, military service, the state). Attribute the LABEL to its later users; the work itself argues from the Gospel. 1904-bethink-yourselves: The non-resistance / refusal-of-state-violence frame the essay belongs to; cross-link, do not assert the contested label in the dive’s own voice. 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: The political-theology frame (Christoyannopoulos’s analytic category) the treatise belongs to; cross-link, do not assert the contested label in the dive’s own voice (Tolstoy rejected “anarchist”). christian-anarchism: The central concept. The vault page (recordStatus: draft) carries a block for exactly Tolstoy’s rejection of the political label — which the Eltzbacher letter here anchors — and lacks the unique Sacy self-attestation and the phrase-genealogy this dive supplies.
Личная моя жизнь переплетена с общей государственной, а государственная требует от меня нехристианской деятельности, прямо противной заповеди Христа. (working English) My personal life is interwoven with the common life of the state, and the state demands of me un-Christian activity directly contrary to Christ’s commandment. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. III · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Ведь если учение Христа в том, чтобы исполнять всегда волю бога, то как же может человек клясться, что он будет исполнять волю человека? (working English) For if Christ’s teaching is to do always the will of God, then how can a person swear that he will do the will of a man? — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. VI (third commandment) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
самое верное и несомненное избавление людей от всех бедствий, которые они сами наносят себе, и от самого ужасного из них — от войны достигается не какими-либо внешними общими мерами, а только тем простым, обращением к сознанию каждого отдельного человека the surest and most certain deliverance of people from all the calamities they inflict on themselves, and from the most terrible of them — war — is achieved not by any external, general measures, but only by that simple appeal to the conscience of each separate person. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
«Любите врагов ваших, и не будет у вас врага»; сказано в «Учении Двенадцати Апостолов». “Love your enemies, and you will have no enemy”; it is said in the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (the Didache). (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Насилие властвующих держится, как и может держаться насилие меньшинства над большинством, только на давно уж устроенном ловкими и сметливыми людьми обмане The violence of the ruling classes holds, as the violence of a minority over a majority can only hold, solely upon a deception long ago contrived by clever and cunning men (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
Исповедание христианства в его истинном значении, включающем непротивление злу насилием, освобождает людей от всякой внешней власти. The profession of Christianity in its true meaning, which includes non-resistance to evil by force, frees men from all external power. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
Ответ не может быть дан на вопрос, потому что он дурно поставлен. Вопрос не в том — устроить государство: по нынешнему, или по новому. Я и никто из нас не приставлен к решению этого вопроса. The answer cannot be given to the question, because it is badly posed. The question is not whether to arrange the state in the present way or in a new way. Neither I nor any of us is appointed to the solving of that question. (working English) — PSS Tom 52, pp. 138–140 · christian-anarchism · 1894-09-10
социалистическая, коммунистическая и анархическая теории приводятся в подкрепление христианской истины, которая составляет ее главную часть. the socialist, communist and anarchist theories are brought in to corroborate the Christian truth, which forms its chief part. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 178–180 · christian-anarchism · 1894-07-23
Мне кажется только, что я не анархист в смысле политического реформатора. В оглавлении вашей книги под словом «насилие» сделаны указания на разные страницы из других сочинений, но ни одной ссылки на мои. Не доказательство ли это того, что то учение, которое вы мне приписываете и которое, в сущности, есть не что иное, как учение Христа, вовсе не политическое, а религиозное учение? It seems to me only that I am not an anarchist in the sense of a political reformer. In the index of your book under the word ‘violence’ references are made to various pages of the other writers, but not one to mine. Is this not proof that the teaching which you ascribe to me, and which is, in essence, nothing other than the teaching of Christ, is not a political but a religious teaching? (working English) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 424–426 · christian-anarchism · 1900-08-01
я все-таки думаю, что бабизм, как нравственное и гуманитарное учение, имеет большое будущее в восточном мире. Имея много общего с христианским анархизмом, он должен рано или поздно с ним слиться. I still think that Babism, as a moral and humanitarian doctrine, has a great future in the eastern world. Having much in common with Christian anarchism, it must sooner or later merge with it. (working English) — PSS Tom 73, pp. 109–110 · christian-anarchism · 1901-07-28
Christianity and Patriotism
work · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: The work itself — handled by the proposed workRecord (new works/ record), not a wiki page
вызвали во мне, вероятно так же как и во многих людях, сначала чувство комизма, потом недоумения, потом негодования (working English) [the Franco-Russian festivities] aroused in me, probably as in many people, first a feeling of the comic, then of bewilderment, then of indignation. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 27 (preface) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS, signed)
все эти миллионы людей русских и французских вдруг вообразили себе, что они как-то особенно любят друг друга (working English) all these millions of Russians and Frenchmen suddenly imagined that they somehow specially loved one another. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 27–28 (ch. I) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
«Мир оставляю вам, мир мой даю вам: да не смущается сердце ваше и да не устрашается», — сказал Христос. (working English) ‘Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid’ — said Christ. (John 14:27) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 80 (ch. XVIII) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — First Russian printing: «Христианство и патриотизм», M. K. Elpidin, Geneva, 1895 [unknown]
Confession
work · stub · dives: crisis, fire-metaphor, gospel-translation · names: A Confession (Исповедь) / Confession (Исповедь)
crisis: the keystone text; the dive’s central vocabulary (переворот, остановка жизни) lives here fire-metaphor: The light of reason in autobiographical form; the crisis source gospel-translation: Project part 1 — the autobiographical account of the crisis; the translator’s note calls it ‘an introduction to the present work’
Так я жил, но пять лет тому назад со мною стало случаться что-то очень странное: на меня стали находить минуты сначала недоумения, остановки жизни, как будто я не знал, как мне жить, что мне делать, и я терялся и впадал в уныние. […] Эти остановки жизни выражались всегда одинаковыми вопросами: Зачем? Ну, а потом? So I lived, but five years ago something very strange began to happen to me: at first there came over me moments of bewilderment, of life coming to a stop, as though I did not know how to live or what to do, and I lost my footing and fell into dejection. […] These stoppages of life always expressed themselves in the same questions: Why? And then what? (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 10 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
Я жил так года два, и со мной случился переворот, который давно готовился во мне и задатки которого всегда были во мне. Со мной случилось то, что жизнь нашего круга — богатых, ученых — не только опротивела мне, но потеряла всякий смысл. I lived like that for a couple of years, and there occurred in me an upheaval [переворот] that had long been preparing within me, and whose seeds had always been in me. What happened to me was that the life of our circle — the rich, the learned — not only grew repugnant to me, but lost all meaning. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 40 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
И я спасся от самоубийства. Когда и как совершился во мне этот переворот, я не мог бы сказать. […] так же постепенно, незаметно возвратилась ко мне эта сила жизни. И странно, что та сила жизни, которая возвратилась ко мне, была не новая, а самая старая, — та самая, которая влекла меня на первых порах моей жизни. And I was saved from suicide. When and how this upheaval [переворот] took place in me, I could not say. […] just as gradually, imperceptibly, the force of life returned to me. And it is strange that the force of life which returned to me was not a new one, but the very oldest — the same that had drawn me in the first days of my life. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 46 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
что люди более возлюбили тьму, нежели свет, потому что дела их были злы. Ибо всякий, делающий худые дела, ненавидит свет и не идет к свету, чтобы не обличились дела его. that people loved the darkness more than the light, because their deeds were evil. For everyone who does wicked deeds hates the light and does not come to the light, lest his deeds be exposed. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 1–59 · fire-metaphor · 1882
И перед светом разума всё прежнее объяснение разлетелось прахом. And before the light of reason all the former explanation scattered to dust. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 1–59 · fire-metaphor · 1882
Я был приведен к христианству не богословскими, не историческими исследованиями, а тем, что пятидесяти лет от роду [...] я пришел в отчаяние и хотел убить себя [...] И я стал изучать христианство I was brought to Christianity not by theological or historical investigations, but by the fact that, at fifty years of age […] I fell into despair and wanted to kill myself […] And I began to study Christianity. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
Constantin von Tischendorf
person · missing · dives: lords-prayer
lords-prayer: His critical Greek New Testament is the text Tolstoy worked from and cites by name in the Luke footnote; Strakhov sent it to him in 1880.
слова: да сойдет дух твой в нас и очистит нас встречаются в цитатах древних церковных писателей. the words ‘may thy spirit descend into us and cleanse us’ are found in citations of ancient church writers. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Очень благодарен вам за Тишендорфское евангелие. I am very grateful to you for the Tischendorf gospel. (working English) — PSS Tom 63, pp. 21–22 · lords-prayer · 1880-09-01
Counterfeits of art
concept · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: The four devices — borrowing, imitation, strikingness, interest — that simulate art without feeling; the negative counterpart of the infection criterion.
Приемы эти следующие: 1) заимствование, 2) подражательность, 3) поразительность и 4) занимательность. (working English) These techniques are the following: (1) borrowing, (2) imitativeness, (3) strikingness [/effect], and (4) interest [/diversion]. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XI · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Вагнер с большим умением воспользовался всеми, долгой практикой ложного искусства выработанными, средствами подделки под искусство и составил образцовое поддельное произведение искусства. (working English) Wagner, with great skill, made use of all the means of counterfeiting art worked out by the long practice of false art, and composed a model counterfeit work of art. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XIII · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Critique of beauty
concept · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: Tolstoy’s rejection of beauty/pleasure as the criterion of art — the negative move that clears the ground for the infection definition.
способность суждения (Urtheilskraft), которая составляет суждения без понятий и производит удовольствие без желания (working English) the faculty of judgement (Urtheilskraft), which forms judgements without concepts and produces pleasure without desire — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch III · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Красота же, если мы не довольствуемся словами, а говорим о том, что понимаем, — красота есть не что иное, как то, что нам нравится. (working English) Beauty, if we are not satisfied with words but speak of what we understand — beauty is nothing other than what pleases us. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch VI · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Critique of the state (Tolstoy)
concept · missing · dives: 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you
1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: The book’s political analysis: power is the capacity for violence; the army defends the government against its own subjects; universal military conscription is the last limit of the contradiction; and state violence is held in a closed ring of four means — intimidation, bribery, hypnotization, and the soldiery these produce. The exit is public opinion and individual refusal, not revolution.
войска нужны прежде всего правительствам для обороны себя от своих подавленных и приведенных в рабство подданных. (working English) armies are needed by governments first of all to defend themselves from their own oppressed and enslaved subjects. — PSS Tom 28, pp. ~152 (гл. VII) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
Устрашение, подкуп, гипнотизация приводят людей к тому, что они идут в солдаты (working English) Intimidation, bribery, and hypnotization bring men to become soldiers — PSS Tom 28, pp. ~163 (гл. VIII) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
Истинную жизнь, по христианскому учению, имеет только тот, кто перенес свою жизнь в ту область, в которой она свободна, — в область причин, т. е. познания и признания открывающейся истины (working English) True life, according to the Christian teaching, is had only by the one who has carried his life into the realm in which it is free — into the realm of causes, that is, of the knowing and recognition of the opening truth. — PSS Tom 28, pp. ~284 (гл. XII, 5) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
Death (On Life)
concept · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: The book’s doctrine of death: the fear of death is the consciousness of the unresolved contradiction of life; bodily death destroys the spatial body and temporal consciousness but not one’s ‘special relation to the world’; death is entry into a new, higher relation. «Нет смерти».
«Нет смерти», говорит людям голос истины. (working English) ‘There is no death,’ the voice of truth says to men. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 398 (гл. XXVII) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Он, по преданию, говорил только: братья, любите друг друга! (working English) He, by tradition, said only: brothers, love one another! — PSS Tom 26, pp. 409 (гл. XXX) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Смерть сон. Зачем бояться сна? (working English) Death is sleep. Why fear sleep? — PSS Tom 49, pp. 124 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886-05-25 (OS)
Deception of faith
concept · missing · dives: 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: The third category of evil in the work’s taxonomy — false faith instilled by five methods; the systematic form of Tolstoy’s anti-Church critique
Пятый прием самый жестокий The fifth method is the cruellest (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 150 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
душа человеческая по природе христианка the human soul is by nature Christian (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 150 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
Истина не может войти в человека помимо разума Truth cannot enter a man except through reason (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 157 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
Detsky Otdykh
institution · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Children’s journal that first published «Чем люди живы» (No. 12, December 1881).
Я переменил не больше 20 строк во всем, но они очень нужны, особенно в конце. (working English) I changed no more than 20 lines in the whole, but they are badly needed, especially at the end. — PSS Tom 90 · stories-for-the-people · 1881-12-01 approx OS
Division of labour (Tolstoy’s critique)
concept · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Tolstoy’s charge that the ‘scientific’ (Comte/Spencer) organic theory of the division of labour is a fiction dressing up «захват чужого труда» — the seizure of others’ labour — with science taking over the church’s old office of sanctifying inequality.
в толпе же ходят принимаемые на веру выводы о том, что разделение труда есть закон, утвержденный наукой, и что так и надо: одним умирать с голода и работать, а другим вечно праздновать, и что эта-то самая гибель одних и празднование других и есть несомненный закон жизни человечества, которому должно подчиняться. (working English) and among the crowd circulate, taken on faith, the conclusions that the division of labour is a law affirmed by science, and that this is how it must be: that some are to die of hunger and toil while others feast forever, and that this very perishing of some and feasting of others is the indubitable law of human life, to which one must submit. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XXVIII (science as the new priesthood) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
а будет, как оно и есть, один только захват чужого труда сильным; тот самый захват чужого труда сильным, который прежде богословы называли божеским назначением, потом философы — необходимыми формами жизни, а теперь научная наука называет органическим разделением труда. (working English) it will be, as it really is, simply the seizure of another’s labour by the strong — that very seizure of another’s labour by the strong which theologians once called a divine ordinance, then philosophers called necessary forms of life, and which scientific science now calls the organic division of labour. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XXXII (division of labour) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
В банках чистенькие, щелкают счетами и моча о губку, считают, постукивая, бумажки; а по дороге бабы навивают, мужики косят, скородят. Нищие и странники слабые, голодные идут. (working English) In the banks, clean people click their abacuses and, wetting their fingers on a sponge, count the banknotes, tapping; while along the road women bind sheaves, men mow and harrow. Beggars and wanderers, weak and hungry, walk by. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 110 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1883-07-06 (OS)
Dmitri Khilkov
person · missing · dives: doukhobors
doukhobors: Exiled prince whose reports first brought the atrocity news to Tolstoy; the named eyewitness source of the 1895 open letter.
После этого, 28 июня 1895 года, духоборцы, живущие в Ахалкалакском уезде Тифлисской губернии, снесли в одну кучу в поле, около села Спасского, всё свое имевшееся у них оружие и, обложив его дровами и углем и облив керосином, сожгли After this, on 28 June 1895, the Doukhobors living in the Akhalkalaki district of the Tiflis province carried all the weapons they had into a single heap in a field near the village of Spasskoye and, having piled wood and coal upon them and doused them with kerosene, burned them. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 209–215 · doukhobors · 1895-08-14
Dmitri Lizogub
person · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: Revolutionary (народоволец) hanged in Odessa 8 Aug 1879; the real prototype of Anatoly Svetlogub in Божеское и человеческое (via Stepnyak-Kravchinsky’s «Подпольная Россия» and a typescript biography). New person.
В Одессе 8 августа 1879 г. были повешены по обвинению в подготовке покушения на Александра II трое революционеров — Лизогуб, Чубаров и Давиденко. (working English) In Odessa on 8 August 1879 three revolutionaries — Lizogub, Chubarov and Davidenko — were hanged on a charge of preparing an attempt on Alexander II. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 645–665 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Dmitri Lizogub, portrait 1877 (executed Odessa 1879) — prototype of Svetlogub [PD]
Dmitri Nekhlyudov (Resurrection)
character · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection
1889-1899-resurrection: The novel’s protagonist; heavily autobiographical, with traits of Chertkov (editors’ conjecture). prototypes[]: Leo Tolstoy (basis: autobiographical, certainty: probable); Vladimir Chertkov (basis: editorial, certainty: conjectured). Title disambiguated — Tolstoy reused the Nekhlyudov name across several distinct works. Earns a page (principal + prototype).
С этой ночи началась для Нехлюдова совсем новая жизнь, не столько потому, что он вступил в новые условия жизни, а потому, что всё, что случилось с ним с этих пор, получало для него совсем иное, чем прежде, значение. Чем кончится этот новый период его жизни, покажет будущее. (working English) From that night a wholly new life began for Nekhlyudov, not so much because he had entered new conditions of life, as because everything that happened to him from then on took on a wholly different meaning for him than before. How this new period of his life will end, the future will show. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
А так как трудно распределить, кто кому должен платить, и так как на общественные нужды деньги собирать нужно, то и сделать так, чтобы тот, кто владеет землей, платил бы в общество на всякие нужды то, что его земля стоит. Так всем ровно будет. (working English) And since it is hard to work out who should pay whom, and since money has to be collected for common needs, then arrange it so that whoever owns land pays into the community, for all its needs, what his land is worth. So it will be equal for all. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
Dmitry Khilkov
person · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, christian
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Exiled ex-officer follower; recipient of the letter (30 Oct 1893) naming the essay a ‘protest’; the seizure of his children recurs in the composition-window diary christian: Correspondent (former officer, Tolstoyan) to whom Tolstoy explains one cannot ‘be’ a Christian
Еще написал статью протест против франко-русских празднеств, которыми нас хотят уверить, что мы все сочувствуем. Эту статью пошлю в английские газеты. (working English) I have also written an article — a protest against the Franco-Russian festivities by which they want to assure us that we all sympathise. This article I shall send to the English papers. — PSS Tom 66, pp. 414–415 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-10-30 (OS)
И потому христианином нельзя быть так же, как можно быть евреем, магометанином, церковником. Нельзя сказать про себя или про другого, что я или он христианин, потому что нет таких поступков, которыми бы я себя отличил от других как христианин. Еврей обрезался, соблюл субботу, магометанин помолился 5 раз, отдал десятину бедным, церковник окрестился, поговел; но христианину нечего такого сделать. And so one cannot BE a Christian the way one can be a Jew, a Mohammedan, a churchman. One cannot say of oneself or of another that I or he is a Christian, because there are no acts by which I might mark myself off from others as a Christian. (working English) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 76–78 · christian · 1890-04-09
Но и тут нельзя про себя сказать, что я христианин больше, чем не христианин, — татарин, поп и т. п. Как сказал какой-то писатель, «душа человека христианка». But even here one cannot say of oneself that I am more a Christian than a non-Christian — a Tatar, a priest, and so on. As some writer said, ‘the soul of man is a Christian.’ (working English) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 76–78 · christian · 1890-04-09
domna
person · missing · dives: 1889-1909-the-devil
1889-1909-the-devil: The Yasnaya Polyana kitchen-cook of the 1880s temptation Tolstoy confessed to Chertkov (1884); a secondary source for the near-escape structure.
я назначил ей свиданье и пошел на него. (working English) I arranged an assignation with her and went toward it. — PSS Tom 85 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1884-07-24 (OS)
Doukhobor Emigration to Canada
event · missing · dives: doukhobors
doukhobors: The 1898–99 exodus of ~7,400 to Saskatchewan/Assiniboia via Cyprus and Batum on the Lake Huron and Lake Superior.
Но нынешнее русское правительство употребило против духоборов еще третий, казалось бы оставленный в наше время, выход из этого противоречия. Оно, кроме того, что подвергает самым тяжелым страданиям самих отказывающихся, заставляет еще систематически страдать отцов, матерей, детей отказывающихся, вероятно с тем, чтобы пытками этих невинных семей поколебать решимость несогласных их членов. But the present Russian government has used against the Doukhobors a third way out of this contradiction, one seemingly abandoned in our time. Besides subjecting the refusers themselves to the heaviest sufferings, it forces the fathers, mothers, and children of the refusers to suffer systematically as well — probably so as to shake the resolve of the dissenting members by the torture of these innocent families. (working English) — PSS Tom 71, pp. 322–327 · doukhobors · 1898-03-19
И потому, если мы не можем исполнять того, без чего нас нельзя терпеть в государстве, мы просим одно: отпустите нас. And so, if we cannot fulfil that without which we cannot be tolerated in the state, we ask one thing only: let us go. (working English) — PSS Tom 71, pp. 345–348 · doukhobors · 1898-04-02
Visuals: 9 (4 usable) — Doukhobor camp before arriving at Yorkton, 1899 [CC0], Athalassa farm, Cyprus — the temporary Doukhobor camp, 1898–99 [unknown], Pier at Grosse Île quarantine station, Quebec, where Doukhobors disembarked, 1899 [PD], Geographic movements of the Doukhobors in western Canada, 1898–1913 [PD], Immigration buildings by the railway, Quebec City, c.1899 [PD], Doukhobors travelling by rail to western Canada, 1899 [unknown], Doukhobors on the deck of SS Lake Huron, 1899 [unknown], SS Lake Huron, the Beaver Line steamer that carried Doukhobors from Batum, Dec 1898 [unknown], SS Lake Superior, the Beaver Line steamer that carried Doukhobors from Batum, Apr 1899 [unknown]
Doukhobors
group · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1898-father-sergius, doukhobors
1889-1899-resurrection: Pacifist peasant sect; the emigration to Canada that Resurrection’s fees were sold to fund. The engine of the 1898 completion. (Currently named only inside Pavel Birukoff / Vladimir Chertkov pages — no dedicated page.) 1889-1909-the-devil: The pacifist sect whose 1898 emigration fund Tolstoy meant to feed by selling three novellas — from which he withdrew The Devil. Context only; covered by its own dive. 1890-1898-father-sergius: The persecuted sect whose 1898–99 emigration to Canada the completed novella was published to fund (with Resurrection). groupType: religious-sect. doukhobors: The pacifist Christian sect at the centre of the affair; ~20,000 in the Transcaucasus, ~7,400 emigrated to Canada in 1899.
Решил отдать свои повести: Воскресение и Отец Сергий в печать для духоборов. […] Взялся за Воскресение, и сначала шло хорошо, но с тех пор как встревожили — два дня ничего не мог сделать. […] Приди и вселися в ны. Возбуди воскресение во мне. (working English) I decided to give my tales — Resurrection and Father Sergius — to print for the Doukhobors. […] I took up Resurrection and at first it went well, but from the moment I was disturbed — two days I could do nothing. […] Come and dwell within us. Kindle resurrection in me. — the entry fuses the novel’s title with a prayer. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 203-204 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-07-17
Продажа повести и получение 12-ти тысяч, которые отдал духоборам, устроилось хорошо. […] Дела очень много, но я весь поглощен Воскресением, берегу воду и пускаю только на Воскресение. (working English) The sale of the tale and the receipt of twelve thousand, which I handed over to the Doukhobors, worked out well. […] I have a great deal of work, but I am wholly absorbed in Resurrection, I husband my water and let it flow only onto Resurrection. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 210-211 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-11-02
Чертков просил, чтобы я просил его взять на себя все дела по духоборческому делу и переводам Воскресения, и я сделал это. […] Воскресенье выйдет в России 13-го марта, так нужно для переводов — и, как кажется, право первого печатания продано в Англию и Америку. (working English) Chertkov asked me to ask him to take charge of all affairs relating to the Doukhobor matter and to the translations of Resurrection, and I have done so. […] Resurrection will appear in Russia on 13 March; that date is set for the sake of the translations — and, it seems, first-publication rights have been sold to England and America. — PSS Tom 71, pp. 347 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-12-16
Будьте так добры переслать две тысячи рублей в Англию по следующему адресу: Vladimir Tchertkoff, Purleigh, Maldon, Essex, England. Две тысячи рублей эти я буду считать полученными мною за предоставленное вам право первого печатания в Ниве моего отрывка: История Матери. (working English) Please be so good as to forward two thousand roubles to England to the following address: Vladimir Tchertkoff, Purleigh, Maldon, Essex, England. These two thousand roubles I shall consider as received by me in exchange for the first-publication right in Niva which I have granted you for my excerpt: The Story of a Mother. — PSS Tom 72, pp. 056 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899-03-02
Первое и самое главное: духоборы, и духоборы Кипрские. […] Вы меня очень озадачили и смутили, написав, что для их отъезда нужно 40 тысяч и деньги эти должен достать я. […] Другое дело это мое писанье, в котором я не могу ничего двигать, так как нездоровится и мне прямо противно это писанье, особенно конец. А Маркс просит прислать конец, чтобы, судя по нем, цензура решила, можно ли пропустить начало. (working English) First and most important: the Doukhobors, and the Cyprus Doukhobors. […] You puzzled and disturbed me greatly by writing that 40,000 roubles are needed for their departure and that I must obtain this money. […] The other matter is my writing, which I cannot advance at all since I am unwell and the writing is simply repellent to me, especially the ending. And Marks is pressing me to send the ending so that the censor can decide, on the basis of it, whether the beginning may be passed. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 541 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899-02-05
Иртенева нехорошо печатать, потому что мотив один и тот же, что в Отце Сергие. (working English) It is not good to publish Irtenev, because the motif is the same as in Father Sergius. — PSS Tom 88 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1898-07-14 (OS)
Решил отдать свои повести: Воскресение и Отец Сергий в печать для духоборов. (working English) Decided to give my novellas — Resurrection and Father Sergius — to print, for the Doukhobors. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 203-204 · 1890-1898-father-sergius · 1898-07-17
Среди духоборов, или, скорее, христианского всемирного братства, как они теперь называют себя, происходит ведь не что-нибудь новое, а только произрастание того семени, которое посеяно Христом 1800 лет тому назад, — воскресение самого Христа. Among the Doukhobors — or rather the universal Christian brotherhood, as they now call themselves — what is taking place is nothing new, but only the sprouting of that seed which was sown by Christ 1,800 years ago: the resurrection of Christ himself. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 192–196 · doukhobors · 1896-12-26
С духоборцами случилось то, что обыкновенно случается с замыкающимися в самих себя и вследствие того процветающими религиозными общинами: материальное благосостояние их увеличивается, но религиозное сознание понижается. What happened with the Doukhobors is what usually happens with religious communities that close in upon themselves and prosper as a result: their material well-being increases, but their religious consciousness declines. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 209–215 · doukhobors · 1895-08-14
Visuals: 14 (14 usable) — Doukhobor camp before arriving at Yorkton, SK, 1899 [CC0], Doukhobor pilgrims leaving Yorkton to evangelise [public domain], Doukhobor pilgrims at prayer [public domain], Doukhobor pilgrims entering Yorkton [public domain], Doukhobors refuse to return to their villages [public domain], Doukhobor women pulling a plough — Thunder Hill Colony, Manitoba, c. 1899 [public domain], Doukhobor women winnowing grain — Saskatchewan, 1899 [public domain], Sketch of the Doukhobor village Gorelovka, Tiflis province, 1893 [PD], Sirotski Dom (Orphan’s House), Doukhobor spiritual complex, Gorelovka, Georgia (building of 1847) [PD], Doukhobor women in the Caucasus, 1887 (travelogue engraving) [PD], Doukhobor pilgrims at prayer near Yorkton, 1902 [PD], Doukhobor village of Vosnesenya, Thunder Hill Colony, c.1900 [PD], Doukhobor women pulling a plough, Thunder Hill Colony, c.1899 (the iconic image) [PD], Doukhobor women winnowing grain, Saskatchewan, 1899 [PD]
Dushan Makovicky
person · missing · dives: tolstoyanism
tolstoyanism: Slovak doctor and disciple; his 1897 question (how to act as Tolstoy’s ‘representative in Hungary’) is the occasion of the keystone denial. Personal physician at Yasnaya Polyana from 1904; the only doctor at Tolstoy’s deathbed (Astapovo, 1910); compiler of the Yasnopolianskie zapiski.
Я рад был случаю сказать ему и уяснить себе, что говорить о толстовстве, искать моего руководительства, спрашивать моего решения вопросов — большая и грубая ошибка. — Никакого толстовства и моего учения не было и нет, есть одно вечное, всеобщее, всемирное учение истины, для меня, для нас особенно ясно выраженное в евангелиях. I was glad of the chance to tell him, and to clarify for myself, that to speak of Tolstoyism, to seek my guidance, to ask me to decide questions — is a great and crude error. There was and is no Tolstoyism and no teaching of mine; there is one eternal, universal, world-wide teaching of truth, which for me, for us, is especially clearly expressed in the Gospels. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 167–169 · tolstoyanism · 1897-12-02
Dushan Makovitsky
person · missing · dives: 1905-the-great-sin, 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · names: Dušan Makovický / Dushan Makovitsky
1905-the-great-sin: Tolstoy’s resident doctor and diarist (Яснополянские записки); the doctor of ch. VII who reads the newspaper article on the ‘agrarian’ congress aloud to peasants at Tula station (commentary identifies him). His notes date several composition events. Loose-match the vault before marking missing (transliteration gotcha). 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: Tolstoy’s physician and diarist. His «Яснополянские записки» record the genesis (the 4 June and 7 June 1908 entries quoted in the PSS commentary); the letter was partly dictated to him.
захват земли неработающими людьми есть великий грех the seizure of land by non-working people is the great sin (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 226 · 1905-the-great-sin
с редакционным примечанием, оговаривающим расхождение редакции с автором по существенным и важным вопросам with an editorial note specifying the editors’ divergence from the author on substantial and important questions — PSS commentary (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 664 · 1905-the-great-sin
Начало писания ответа Дасу относится к 7 июня 1908 г. The start of writing the reply to Das dates to 7 June 1908. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 444–446 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908-06-07 (OS)
E. A. Simon
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: prototype of Anna Pavlovna; E. P. Gimer’s mother; often at the Tolstoys’ 1887–89
многие черты которой воплощены в образе матери Лизы Протасовой, Анны Павловны. (working English) “…[E. A. Simon] many of whose traits are embodied in the figure of Liza Protasova’s mother, Anna Pavlovna.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
E. P. Gimer
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: prototype of Liza Protasova; copied manuscripts for Tolstoy and Biryukov; Tolstoy advised her not to leave her husband (1887)
В основу сюжета драмы «Живой труп» положены обстоятельства судебного дела супругов Н. С. и Е. П. Гимер (working English) “The plot of the drama The Living Corpse is founded on the circumstances of the court case of the spouses N. S. and E. P. Gimer…” (PSS Tom 34 commentary; the case was told to Tolstoy by N. V. Davydov, chairman of the Moscow District Court.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
послуживших прототипами Федора Васильевича и Елизаветы Андреевны Протасовых (working English) “…[N. S. and E. P. Gimer], who served as the prototypes of Fyodor Vasilyevich and Elizaveta Andreevna Protasov.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Edward Carpenter
person · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: English socialist writer (1844–1929); author of ‘Modern Science: A Criticism’, which Tolstoy prefaced and extended into the religious-science argument.
Людям надо жить. А для того, чтобы жить, им надо знать, как жить. И все люди всегда — плохо ли, хорошо ли — узнавали это и, сообразно с этим знанием, жили, двигались вперед, и это знание того, как должно жить людям, со времен Моисея, Солона, Конфуция считалось всегда наукой, самой наукой наук. (working English) People must live. And in order to live, they must know how to live. And all people have always — well or badly — learned this and, in accordance with this knowledge, lived and moved forward; and this knowledge of how people should live has, since the times of Moses, Solon, and Confucius, always been considered a science, the very science of sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
распространено и укоренилось суеверие, по которому считается, что для блага человечества совсем не нужно распространение истинных религиозных и нравственных знаний, а нужно только изучение опытных наук (working English) [in Russian society there is] spread and rooted the superstition that for the good of mankind there is no need at all to spread true religious and moral knowledge, but only to study the experimental sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Edward Carpenter (by F. Hollyer, c.1890) [PD]
Efim Ivus
person · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: Seaman of the cruiser Pallada at Port Arthur whose 8 May 1904 letter (“is it pleasing to God… that our commanders make us kill?”) Tolstoy reproduced verbatim, with its original spelling, as the essay’s closing “spark.”
это искра того огня, который Христос низвел на землю и который начинает возгораться. this is a spark of that fire which Christ brought down to the earth and which is beginning to blaze up. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Нынче получил письмо от матроса из Порть Артура. Угодно ли Богу или нет, что нас начальство заставляет убивать? Today I received a letter from a sailor at Port Arthur. Is it pleasing to God or not that our commanders make us kill? (working English) — PSS Tom 55, pp. 33 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-05-08
Efrem Koloskov
person · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: The Tula peasant whose 1879–80 crime (child-murder + public repentance at a wedding) was the documented prototype for Nikita; Tolstoy met him twice.
Фабула «Власти тьмы» почти целиком взята мною из подлинного уголовного дела, рассматривавшегося в Тульском суде. (working English) “The plot of The Power of Darkness is taken by me almost entirely from a real criminal case heard in the Tula court.” (Tolstoy to the journalist N. Rakshanin.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 705 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Ekaterinoslav Death Sentences 1908
event · missing · dives: against-the-death-penalty
against-the-death-penalty: The Odessa military-district-court trial at Ekaterinoslav of the Dec-1905 Donets-basin railway strike («Горловский бой»); 32 of ~131 sentenced to death 19 Dec 1908; Nicholas II’s 1 Jan 1909 «Даровать жизнь»; 8 hanged anyway 4 Sept 1909. The event behind «Смертная казнь и христианство».
в газетах появилось известие о том, что русский царь, как он выразился, «даровал жизнь» этим приговоренным 32 человекам. news appeared in the papers that the Russian tsar had, as he put it, “granted life” to these 32 condemned men. (working English) — PSS Tom 38, pp. 47 · against-the-death-penalty · 1909
Epidemic suggestion
concept · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: Tolstoy’s explanation of canonical fame as press-amplified collective suggestion; the essay’s distinctive thesis.
слава эта есть одно из тех эпидемических внушений, которым всегда подвергались и подвергаются люди (working English) this fame is one of those epidemic suggestions to which people have always been, and still are, subject. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 263-264 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
Внушение же всегда есть ложь, а всякая ложь есть зло. (working English) But suggestion is always a lie, and every lie is evil. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 270-271 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
Ernest Crosby
person · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1904-bethink-yourselves · names: Ernest Howard Crosby / Ernest Crosby
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: American Tolstoyan; his essay Shakespeare and the Working Classes is the essay’s occasion; correspondent and acquaintance from 1894. 1904-bethink-yourselves: American Tolstoyan; his anti-war verse furnished one of the essay’s epigraphs (chapter X).
Печатая прекрасное основательное исследование г-на Э. Кросби об отношении Шекспира к рабочему народу, я считаю не лишним высказать и мое отношение к произведениям Шекспира (working English) In printing Mr. E. Crosby’s excellent, thorough study of Shakespeare’s attitude to the working people, I think it not superfluous to express my own attitude to Shakespeare’s works… — PSS Tom 35, pp. 557-558 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903 (рук. № 1)
Это начатое мною предисловие к статье Crosby об отношении Шекспира к рабочему народу, которое переросло статью Crosby и стоило мне большого труда. (working English) This is the preface I began to Crosby’s article on Shakespeare’s relation to the working people, which has outgrown Crosby’s article and cost me much labour. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 308-310 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-10-06 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Ernest Howard Crosby, 1904 [PD]
Etienne de La Boetie
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: 16th-century French author of the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, which Tolstoy translated for the Circle of Reading — a thematic companion to the work’s argument on consent and deception
первая причина добровольного рабства есть привычка (working English) the first cause of voluntary servitude is habit. — PSS Tom 41, pp. 426–434 (Circle of Reading) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1904–1905 (curated); read 1884
Так как сочинение Ла Боэти не было в то время переведено на русский язык, Толстой сам перевел эти выдержки. (working English) Since La Boétie’s work had not at that time been translated into Russian, Tolstoy himself translated these excerpts. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 613 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1957 (apparatus); events 1884, 1904–05
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Montaigne and La Boétie (period engraving) [CC-BY-SA]
Eucharist satire in Resurrection
concept · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection
1889-1899-resurrection: The defamiliarised liturgy at the heart of the novel; the most heavily censored passage and the most-quoted single offence in the excommunication decree. Could fold into the Resurrection work page rather than a standalone concept.
После этого считалось, что превращение совершилось, и священник, сняв салфетку с блюдца,разрезал серединный кусочек начетверо и положил его сначала в вино, а потом в рот.Предполагалось, что он съел кусочек тела Бога и выпил глоток Его крови. (working English) After this it was held that the transformation had been accomplished, and the priest, having removed the napkin from the saucer, cut the central little piece into four and put it first into the wine and then into his mouth. It was supposed that he ate a piece of the body of God and drank a gulp of His blood. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
Со всех сторон дрожал воздух от разнообразного звона и гула колоколов,призывающих народ к присутствованию при таком же служении, какое совершалось теперь в тюрьме. (working English) From all sides the air trembled with the varied ringing and din of bells, calling the people to attend the same kind of service as was now being performed in the prison. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
Никому в голову не приходило того, что золоченый крест с эмалевыми медальончиками на концах, который вынес священник и давал целовать людям, был не что иное, как изображение той виселицы, на которой был казнен Христос именно за то,что он запретил то самое, что теперь его именем совершалось здесь. (working English) It occurred to no one that the gilded cross with enamel medallions on its ends, which the priest had carried out and gave people to kiss, was nothing other than the image of that gallows on which Christ was executed precisely for forbidding the very thing that was now being performed here in his name. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
Богослужение состояло в том, что священник, одевшись в особенную странную и очень неудобную парчевую одежду, вырезывал и раскладывал кусочки хлеба на блюдце и потом клал их в чашу с вином, произнося при этом различные имена и молитвы. (working English) The service consisted in this: the priest, having dressed in a peculiar, strange and very uncomfortable brocade garment, cut up and laid out little pieces of bread on a saucer and then put them into a cup of wine, pronouncing meanwhile various names and prayers. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
От главы XXXIX I части в Н. сохранилась только первая фраза: Началось богослужение., присоединенная к главе XXXVIII. Глава XL в Н. выпущена целиком. В связи с этим общее количество глав в первой части романа в Н. уменьшено на две. (working English) Of chapter XXXIX of Part I, only the first sentence survived in «Нива»: “The church service began.”, appended to chapter XXXVIII. Chapter XL was dropped entirely. As a result the total number of chapters in Part I of the novel in «Нива» is reduced by two. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 471-505 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1936
Eugen Heinrich Schmitt
person · missing · dives: christian-anarchism
christian-anarchism: Hungarian philosopher (1851–1916), editor of the Religion des Geistes circle in Budapest; a principal node of the foreign Christian-anarchist correspondence. Addressee of the 1895 ‘God’s work’ letter.
Ваше дело, наше дело, т. е. божье дело, у вас делает успехи. Your work, our work, that is, God’s work, is making progress with you. (working English) — PSS Tom 68, pp. 26–28 · christian-anarchism · 1895-02-01
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Eugen Heinrich Schmitt (Jenő Schmitt), portrait [PD]
Eugen Schmitt
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Hungarian Christian-anarchist; his Budapest paper Ohne Staat (the Calabrian-robber analogy: the state as a brigand institution) is quoted in ch. XIV
что же такое государство, как не такое же разбойническое учреждение (working English) what is the state, then, if not just such a robber institution? — PSS Tom 34, pp. 198 (ch. XIV) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Evgeny Feoktistov
person · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs who ordered the ‘unconditional ban’ (14 Feb 1884) on receiving the secular and spiritual censors’ reports. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs who referred the religious-philosophical contents of vol. 12 to the Synod censorship (Nov 1885). Same official who ordered the What I Believe ban in 1884. 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Head of the Main Administration for Press Affairs; banned the stage but permitted the print edition (13 Jan 1887). Later banned The Kreutzer Sonata.
Надо иметь железные нервы, чтобы вынести всё это (working English) “One must have iron nerves to bear all this.” (E. M. Feoktistov, head of the Press Affairs directorate, to S. A. Tolstaya, 9 Jan 1887.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 712 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01-09
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — E. M. Feoktistov (1828–1898) [PD]
evgeny-irtenev
character · missing · dives: 1889-1909-the-devil
1889-1909-the-devil: Protagonist. Prototypes: Tolstoy (autobiographical/probable) + N. N. Fridrikhs (the external crime/documented). Briefly renamed Tveretinov to mask the autobiography.
зажег спичку и положил палец в огонь. «Ну, думай о ней теперь», — иронически обратился он к себе. (working English) He struck a match and held his finger in the flame. ‘Well, think about her now,’ he said to himself ironically. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 502 (ch. XIII) · 1889-1909-the-devil
Ах, да, третий есть: себя, — сказал он тихо вслух, и вдруг мороз пробежал у него по коже. (working English) Ah, yes, there is a third: myself, he said quietly aloud, and suddenly a chill ran over his skin. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 511 (ch. XX) · 1889-1909-the-devil
Я думал, что я ее взял, а она взяла меня, взяла и не пустила. Ведь я думал, что я свободен, а я не был свободен. (working English) I thought I had taken her, but she had taken me — taken me and not let go. I thought I was free, and I was not free. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 511 (ch. XX) · 1889-1909-the-devil
Ведь она чорт. Прямо чорт. Ведь она против воли моей завладела мною. (working English) She is the devil. Simply the devil. She has taken possession of me against my will. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 511 (ch. XX) · 1889-1909-the-devil
Он приставил к виску, замялся было, но как только вспомнил Степаниду, решение не видеть, борьбу, соблазн, падение, опять борьбу, так вздрогнул от ужаса. (working English) He put it to his temple, hesitated a moment, but the instant he remembered Stepanida — the resolve not to see her, the struggle, the temptation, the fall, the struggle again — he shuddered with horror. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 515 (ch. XXI) · 1889-1909-the-devil
Он подошел вплоть к ней, вынул из кармана револьвер и раз, два, три раза выстрелил ей в спину. (working English) He went right up to her, took the revolver from his pocket, and fired into her back — one, two, three times. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 517 (variant ending) · 1889-1909-the-devil · c. 1909
Да нет никакого Бога. Есть дьявол. И это она. Он овладел мной. А я не хочу, не хочу. Дьявол, да, дьявол (working English) No — there is no God. There is a devil, and it is she. He has taken possession of me. And I do not want this, I do not want it. The devil, yes, the devil. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 517 (variant ending) · 1889-1909-the-devil · c. 1909
связь с крестьянской женщиной из нашей деревни, до моей женитьбы, — на это есть намек в моем рассказе «Дьявол». (working English) a liaison with a peasant woman of our village, before my marriage — there is a hint of it in my story ‘The Devil.’ — PSS Tom 27, pp. 714-728 · 1889-1909-the-devil
Evgeny Popov
person · missing · dives: 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · names: E. I. Popov / Evgeny Ivanovich Popov
1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Evgeny Ivanovich Popov, Tolstoyan and copyist through the last stage of the composition (1892–93); compiled the chapter conspectus (the Oglavlenie) that was sent to the translators. 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Correspondent / draft-reader / copyist; addressee of the keystone «опасность отвлеченного умствования» / «понятно Ваничке» letter
8-ая глава кончена, но над 9-й и 10-й все вожусь. И начинаю думать, что толкусь на месте. (working English) The eighth chapter is finished, but I’m still struggling with the ninth and tenth. And I’m beginning to think I’m marking time. — PSS Tom 52, pp. 69 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1892-08-06 (OS)
опасность отвлеченного умствования the danger of abstract reasoning (working English) — PSS Tom 67 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1894-10-22
чтобы было понятно Ваничке so that it be comprehensible to Vanichka [and the yard-keeper] (working English) — PSS Tom 67 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1894-10-22
Excommunication of Leo Tolstoy
event · missing · dives: christian
christian: The Synod edict of 20–22 Feb 1901 and Tolstoy’s public Reply (Tom 34) — the capstone of the self-attestation question
То, что я отрекся от церкви, называющей себя православной, это совершенно справедливо. Но отрекся я от нее не потому, что я восстал на господа, а напротив, только потому, что всеми силами души желал служить ему. That I have renounced the church that calls itself Orthodox is perfectly true. But I renounced it not because I rose up against the Lord, but, on the contrary, only because with all the strength of my soul I wished to serve him. (working English) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 245–253 · christian · 1901-04-04
Excommunication of Tolstoy
event · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection, break-with-the-church, gospel-translation · names: Excommunication of Tolstoy (1901) / The 1901 excommunication of Tolstoy (Определение Синода № 557)
1889-1899-resurrection: The Holy Synod «Определение» No. 557 of 20–22 Feb 1901 (O.S.). This dive tests and complicates the popular “Resurrection caused it” prior. break-with-the-church: The spine event: the Holy Synod’s edict of 20–22 Feb 1901 (published 24 Feb), declaring Tolstoy outside the Church. Not a formal anathema but an отлучение. The event the whole dive turns on. gospel-translation: The Holy Synod’s 1901 decree — the institutional bookend of the religious project the gospel translation began
отвергаю бога, во святой троице славимого создателя и промыслителя вселенной, отрицаю господа Иисуса Христа, богочеловека, искупителя и спасителя мира, пострадавшего нас ради человеков и нашего ради спасения и воскресшего из мертвых, отрицаю бессемейное зачатие по человечеству Христа господа и девство до рождества и по рождестве пречистой богородицы (working English) [the decree charges that I] reject God, glorified in the Holy Trinity, Creator and Provider of the universe; deny the Lord Jesus Christ, God-man, Redeemer and Saviour of the world, who suffered for us men and for our salvation and rose from the dead; deny the seedless conception in His humanity of Christ the Lord and the virginity before and after birth of the Most Pure Mother of God. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 245-253 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1901-04-04
Сказано, наконец, как последняя и высшая степень моей виновности, что я, «ругаясь над самыми священными предметами веры, не содрогнулся подвергнуть глумлению священнейшее из таинств — евхаристию». (working English) It is said, finally, as the last and highest degree of my guilt, that I, “mocking the most sacred objects of the faith, did not shudder to subject to derision the most holy of the sacraments — the Eucharist.” — PSS Tom 34, pp. 245-253 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1901-04-04
То, что я не содрогнулся описать просто и объективно то, что священник делает для приготовления этого, так называемого, таинства, то это совершенно справедливо; но то, что это, так называемое, таинство есть нечто священное и что описать его просто, как оно делается, есть кощунство, — это совершенно несправедливо. (working English) That I did not shudder to describe simply and objectively what the priest does to prepare this so-called sacrament — that is perfectly true; but that this so-called sacrament is something holy, and that to describe it simply, as it is done, is blasphemy — that is perfectly untrue. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 245-253 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1901-04-04
Отлучение Толстого от церкви было задумано царским правительством еще в 1880-х гг. Толчком к опубликованию отлучения послужило появление в 1899 г. романа «Воскресение», в котором Толстой разоблачил лицемерие казенной церкви и создал сатирический образ Топорова, недвусмысленно намекавший на обер-прокурора «святейшего» синода К. П. Победоносцева. (working English) The excommunication of Tolstoy was conceived by the tsarist government as far back as the 1880s. The impulse to publish the excommunication was the appearance in 1899 of the novel Resurrection, in which Tolstoy exposed the hypocrisy of the official church and created the satirical figure of Toporov, an unmistakable allusion to the Over-Procurator of the “most holy” Synod, K. P. Pobedonostsev. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575-577 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1964
За это время было странное отлучение от церкви и вызванные им выражения сочувствия, и тут же студенческия истории, принявшия общественный характер (working English) During this time there was the strange excommunication from the church and the expressions of sympathy it provoked, and at the same time the student affairs, which took on a public character. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 090-093 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1901-03-19
Записано только одно — то, что стало совершенно ясно, что все наше православие есть колдовство от страха. И корень всего — вера в чудесное. (working English) Only one thing recorded — that it has become completely clear that all our Orthodoxy is sorcery out of fear. And the root of it all is belief in the miraculous. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 093 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1901-03-28
Известный миру писатель, русский по рождению, православный по крещению и воспитанию, граф Толстой, в прельщении гордого ума своего, дерзко восстал на господа и на Христа его и на святое его достояние, явно перед всеми отрекся от вскормившей и воспитавшей его матери, церкви православной (working English) The world-renowned writer, Russian by birth, Orthodox by baptism and upbringing, Count Tolstoy, in the seduction of his proud mind, has boldly risen up against the Lord and against His Christ and against His holy possession, has openly before all renounced the Orthodox Church that nourished and reared him. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 245–253 · break-with-the-church · 1901-04-17
Постановление синода вообще имеет много недостатков. Оно незаконно или умышленно двусмысленно; оно произвольно, неосновательно, неправдиво и, кроме того, содержит в себе клевету и подстрекательство к дурным чувствам и поступкам. (working English) The Synod’s ruling has many defects in general. It is unlawful or intentionally equivocal; it is arbitrary, unfounded, untruthful and, besides, contains slander and incitement to evil feelings and deeds. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 245–253 · break-with-the-church · 1901-04-17
Это определение, составленное Победоносцевым, было проредактировано митрополитом петербургским и ладожским Антонием и другими членами синода и одобрено Николаем II. (working English) This edict, composed by Pobedonostsev, was revised by Metropolitan Antony of St Petersburg and Ladoga and other members of the Synod, and approved by Nicholas II. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575–577 · break-with-the-church · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
За это время было странное отлучение от церкви и вызванные им выражения сочувствия (working English) During this time there was the strange excommunication from the church, and the expressions of sympathy it called forth. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 90–93 · break-with-the-church · 1901-04-01
В православном вероучении я нашел изложение самых непонятных, кощунственных и безнравственных положений, не только не допускаемых разумом, но совершенно непостижимых и противных нравственности, и — никакого учения о жизни и о смысле ее. In the Orthodox creed I found an exposition of the most incomprehensible, blasphemous and immoral propositions — not only inadmissible to reason but utterly incomprehensible and contrary to morality — and no teaching whatever about life or its meaning. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
Visuals: 5 (3 usable) — Caricatures / popular prints of the 1901 excommunication (Tolstoy and the Synod) [unknown], The Panina estate house at Gaspra, Crimea, where the Tolstoys lived 1901–1902 [PD], Ilya Repin, «Л. Н. Толстой босой» (Tolstoy barefoot, standing), oil, 1901 [PD], «Определение Святейшего Синода» as printed in «Церковные ведомости» №8, 24 Feb 1901 [PD], Tolstoy and Chekhov at the Panina dacha near Gaspra, Crimea, 1901 (photographer P. A. Sergenko) [PD]
Father Sergius
character · missing · dives: 1890-1898-father-sergius
1890-1898-father-sergius: Protagonist (titular). The proud officer turned monk turned hermit-healer turned wandering beggar.
была за год тому назад любовницей Николая Павловича (working English) had been, a year before, the mistress of Nikolai Pavlovich — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. II) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
положил указательный палец левой руки на чурбан, взмахнул топором и ударил по нем ниже второго сустава. (working English) laid the index finger of his left hand on the chopping-block, swung the axe, and struck below the second joint. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. V) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
Очисти от скверны славы людской, обуревающей меня (working English) Cleanse me of the defilement of human glory that besets me — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. VII) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
дьявол подменил всю его деятельность для бога деятельностью для людей. (working English) the devil had substituted, for all his activity for God, activity for people. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. VII) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
Чем меньше имело значения мнение людей, тем сильнее чувствовался бог. (working English) The less the opinion of people mattered, the more strongly God was felt. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. VIII) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
Большое самолюбие ( Кузмннский и Урусов ), честолюбие и потребность безукоризненности. (working English) Great self-love (Kuzminsky and Urusov), ambition, and a need for impeccability. — PSS Tom 51, pp. 98-101 · 1890-1898-father-sergius · 1890-10-31
Field Courts-Martial
event · missing · dives: 1908-i-cannot-be-silent
1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Stolypin’s military field courts (introduced August 1906), empowered to sentence and execute within 24 hours without appeal — the machinery behind the execution wave of 1906–09. Context for the essay. (wikiType could be concept; flagged.)
«Семь смертных приговоров: два в Петербурге, один в Москве, два в Пензе, два в Риге. Четыре казни: две в Херсоне, одна в Вильне, одна в Одессе». “Seven death sentences: two in Petersburg, one in Moscow, two in Penza, two in Riga. Four executions: two in Kherson, one in Vilna, one in Odessa.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 83 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
Fire of conscience
concept · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: The unifying fire metaphor: Christ’s fire as the kindling, contagious, unquenchable conscience
Но мир горит уж 1800 лет, горит с тех пор, как Христос сказал: я огонь низвел на землю; и как томлюсь, пока он не разгорится, — и будет гореть, пока не спасутся люди. But the world has been burning for 1800 years now, burning ever since Christ said: I brought fire down to the earth; and how I am in anguish until it blazes up — and it will burn until people are saved. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304–465 · fire-metaphor · 1884
что этот талант есть огонь, который только тогда огонь, когда он жжет. Я верю, что я — Ниневия по отношению к другим Ионам, от которых я узнал и узнаю истину, но что и я Иона по отношению к другим ниневитянам, которым я должен передать истину. that this talent is a fire which is only a fire when it burns. I believe that I am a Nineveh in relation to other Jonahs, from whom I have learned and learn the truth, but that I too am a Jonah in relation to other Ninevites, to whom I must pass the truth on. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 461 · fire-metaphor · 1884
Я пришел сбросить огонь на землю. И как желаю, чтобы он разгорелся. I came to cast fire upon the earth. And how I wish that it would blaze up. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 292 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
он знал, что его учение — не учение, но искра, которая зажигает сознание Бога в сердцах людей и, раз загоревшись, не может потухнуть. he knew that his teaching was not a doctrine but a spark that kindles the consciousness of God in people’s hearts and, once lit, cannot go out. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
«Огонь принес я на землю, — сказал Христос, — и как томлюсь, когда он возгорится». “Fire I brought to the earth,” said Christ, “and how I am in anguish for it to blaze up.” (working English) — PSS Tom 28, pp. 1–293 · fire-metaphor · 1893
Чего желал Христос, совершается. Огонь возгорается. Не будем же противиться, а будем служить ему. What Christ wished for is coming to pass. The fire is blazing up. Let us then not resist it, but serve it. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · fire-metaphor · 1904
Христос, тогда еще, в свое время томился ожиданием и говорил: «Огонь пришел низвесть я на землю, и как желал бы, чтобы он возгорелся». (Лука XII, 49.) Christ, even then, in his time, was in anguish of expectation and said: “Fire I came to cast upon the earth, and how I would wish that it were kindled.” (Luke XII, 49.) (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · fire-metaphor · 1904
«Огонь пришел я низвесть на землю: и как желал бы, чтобы он уже возгорелся» (Луки XII, 49). Но почему же огонь этот так медленно разгорается? “Fire I came to cast upon the earth: and how I would wish that it were already kindled” (Luke XII, 49). But why does this fire blaze up so slowly? (working English) — PSS Tom 45, pp. 13–496 · fire-metaphor · 1910
Мир зажжен Христом и горит. Если каждый из нас сознает то, что он горит, не препятствует, а радуется и содействует своему горению, то это всё, что нужно. The world is set alight by Christ and is burning. If each of us is conscious that he is burning, does not hinder it, but rejoices and assists his own burning, then that is all that is needed. (working English) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 387 · fire-metaphor · 1889-06-18
Я думаю, что время это пришло, и что мир уже горит, и дело наше только в том, чтоб гореть и, по возможности, соединяться с другими горящими точками, и это я намерен делать весь остаток моей жизни. I think that this time has come, and that the world is already burning, and that our task is only to burn and, as far as possible, to unite with other burning points — and this I intend to do for the whole remainder of my life. (working English) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 391 · fire-metaphor · 1889-06-22
Огонь принес я на землю, сказал Христос, и он разгорается и в нас и в наших плотских и духовных детях; только бы нам тихо сгореть в нем, а что он зажигает других, это не может быть иначе. Fire I brought to the earth, said Christ, and it is blazing up both in us and in our children of flesh and of spirit; only let us quietly burn up in it — and that it sets others alight, this cannot be otherwise. (working English) — PSS Tom 70, pp. 30 · fire-metaphor · 1897-02-22
Наше дело только в том, чтобы в себе разжечь огонь: гореть самому, и тогда окружающие нас сами собой будут согреваться и зажигаться. Our task is only to kindle the fire in ourselves: to burn oneself, and then those around us will of their own accord be warmed and set alight. (working English) — PSS Tom 75, pp. 90 · fire-metaphor · 1904-04-15
Four Gospels Harmonised and Translated (1895)
edition · missing · dives: gospel-translation
gospel-translation: The first English translation of the harmony — anonymous, from the Geneva text, authorized by Tolstoy’s imprimatur; Parts I–II only, Part III never published
The right of translation I freely accord, without exception, to everyone who would like to undertake the trouble of translating. But being eager to have my ideas spread, I also wish them to be correctly interpreted. — gospel-translation · 1894-08-30
I hereby certify that this rendering of my work, The Four Gospels Harmonised and Translated, has been made by a competent translator and with my consent. — Leo Tolstoy. October 19/31, 1894. — gospel-translation · 1894-10
It is at Count Tolstoy’s express wish that I have undertaken the translation of his book on the Gospels. [...] owing to the impossibility of its being published in Russia, the Genevan edition is disfigured by numerous typographical mistakes. — gospel-translation · 1894-09-21
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Tolstoy’s autograph imprimatur authorizing the English translation (1894) [PD], Title page: ‘In Three Parts … at the request of the author’, Brotherhood Publishing Co. / Walter Scott, 1895 [PD]
Franco-Russian Alliance Festivities of 1893
event · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: The occasion and exhibit of the essay — the Russian squadron under Avelan at Toulon, Oct 1893, and the Paris receptions
все эти миллионы людей русских и французских вдруг вообразили себе, что они как-то особенно любят друг друга (working English) all these millions of Russians and Frenchmen suddenly imagined that they somehow specially loved one another. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 27–28 (ch. I) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
ружьями, штыками, крепостями, броненосцами, меленитами, динамитами (working English) [the difference: the Toulon-Paris sufferers possess] rifles, bayonets, fortresses, ironclads, melinite, dynamite. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 35 (ch. III) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Восторги толпы большей частью искусственно приготовляются теми, кому они нужны (working English) The raptures of a crowd are for the most part artificially prepared by those who need them. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 62 (ch. XII) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — Franco-Russian alliance commemorative lithograph: admirals Avelan and Gervais with the fleet (c.1893) [CC0], Illuminations of the Hôtel de Ville during the Franco-Russian fêtes, Paris, 19 Oct 1893 (Fédor Hoffbauer) [CC0], Straw triumphal arch at the Villette abattoirs for Avelan’s visit, 20 Oct 1893 [CC0]
Free Age Press
institution · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty · names: Free Age Press / Свободное слово (Free Age Press)
1904-bethink-yourselves: Chertkov’s “No Rights Reserved” English press (Свободное слово / Free Word; Christchurch, Hants), established after his 1897 exile; the channel through which banned Tolstoy texts reached the world. Issued the first edition of Bethink Yourselves! (1904). Later absorbed by C. W. Daniel Ltd. 1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Chertkov’s émigré press (Christchurch, England) / «Свободное слово» — the channel that published the complete text abroad and issued the Maude English translation. The schema lists ‘Free Age Press series’ as an edition. 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: Chertkov’s “No Rights Reserved” émigré press (Свободное слово / Free Word; Christchurch, England); the channel through which banned Tolstoy texts reached the world. Issued the first complete edition of this treatise (1909). Shared with the Bethink Yourselves dive. against-the-death-penalty: Chertkov’s émigré press (England) / «Листки Свободного слова» — first publisher of «Не убий» (1900), «Царю и его помощникам» (1901) and «Единственное средство» (1901), all banned in Russia. Shared with the centrepiece dive.
Статья вышла в издании «Свободного слова», в Крайстчерче, в Англии, в 1904 г. The article appeared in the Free Word [Free Age Press] edition, at Christchurch, in England, in 1904. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 604–621 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
опубликовано одновременно в газетах почти всех цивилизованных стран 15-го июля 1908 г. и произвело глубокое впечатление published simultaneously in the newspapers of almost all civilised countries on 15 July 1908, and produced a deep impression — from I. P. Ladyzhnikov’s publisher’s preface. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 426 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
В августе 1908 г. статья полностью была напечатана в нелегальной типографии в Туле In August 1908 the article was printed in full at an illegal printing-house in Tula (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 426 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Полностью впервые, но с большим количеством опечаток и ошибок, опубликована в изд. «Свободное слово» (Christchurch, England, 1909) In full for the first time, but with a great many misprints and errors, it was published by the Svobodnoe Slovo [Free Word / Free Age Press] press (Christchurch, England, 1909). (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 436–438 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1909
Free Hindustan
concept · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: Das’s émigré journal (founded Vancouver, 1907), whose Spencer epigraph (“Resistance to aggression is not simply justifiable but imperative...”) Tolstoy answered. A candidate concept/ reference page rather than a person.
Вы в своем журнале, как основной принцип, долженствующий руководить деятельностью вашего народа, ставите эпиграфом такую мысль In your magazine you insert as the basic principle which should direct the activity of your people the following thought as an epigraph [Spencer: “Resistance to aggression is not simply justifiable but imperative; non resistance hurts both Altruism and Egoism”]. (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Редакция журнала выставляла эпиграфом цитату из восьмой главы «Социологии» Г. Спенсера The journal’s editors flew as their epigraph a quotation from chapter eight of H. Spencer’s «Sociology» [—the last clause, that non-resistance harms both altruism and egoism, especially caught Tolstoy’s attention]. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 444–446 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Fyodor Avelan
person · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Russian vice-admiral commanding the squadron received at Toulon, Oct 1893; named in ch. I (and one of the names later partly encrypted in redaction)
все эти миллионы людей русских и французских вдруг вообразили себе, что они как-то особенно любят друг друга (working English) all these millions of Russians and Frenchmen suddenly imagined that they somehow specially loved one another. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 27–28 (ch. I) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Fyodor Mikhailovich Smokovnikov
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The liberal official father whose contempt starts the chain of evil.
А я тебе скажу, что если ты так поведешь себя, ты будешь мошенник. And I tell you that if you behave like this, you’ll be a swindler. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 5–6 (ch I) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
Fyodor Protasov
character · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: protagonist / titular — “the living corpse”
послуживших прототипами Федора Васильевича и Елизаветы Андреевны Протасовых (working English) “…[N. S. and E. P. Gimer], who served as the prototypes of Fyodor Vasilyevich and Elizaveta Andreevna Protasov.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Не могу спокойно лгать. (working English) “I cannot calmly lie.” (Fedya to Prince Abrezkov, Act III, picture 2.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~38 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
Лгать, играть гнусную комедию, давая взятки в консистории, и вся эта гадость невыносима, противна мне. (working English) “To lie, to play a vile comedy, bribing the consistory, and all this filth is unbearable, repellent to me.” (Fedya’s farewell letter, read aloud Act IV, picture 2.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~58 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
три выбора — только три: служить, наживать деньги, увеличивать ту пакость, в которой живешь. (working English) “…three choices — only three: to serve, to make money, to add to the filth one lives in.” (Fedya to the painter Petushkov, Act V, picture 1. The other two: to destroy the filth — for that one must be a hero, and he is not; or to forget oneself — drink, carouse, sing.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~75 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
Нет. Я труп. Да. (working English) “No. I am a corpse. Yes.” (Fedya to Petushkov, Act V — the title spoken.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~76 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
я труп и со мной ничего не сделаете; нет того положения, которое было бы хуже моего. (working English) “I am a corpse, and you can do nothing to me; there is no position worse than mine.” (Fedya to the investigating magistrate, Act VI, picture 1.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~99 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
Fyodor Zheltov
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Molokan peasant writer; addressee of the 21 Apr 1887 letter in which Tolstoy names the народные рассказы + Цветник preface as the model for popular writing (E11).
Я не могу вам вкратце выразить то, что я считаю нужным для писания, иначе, как указав вам на мои народные рассказы последнего времени и на предисловие к «Цветнику» (working English) I cannot briefly express to you what I consider necessary for writing, other than by pointing you to my recent stories for the people and to the preface to Tsvetnik. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1887-04-21 OS
Gabriel Sacy
person · missing · dives: christian-anarchism
christian-anarchism: Gabriel Sacy (1858–1903), Syrian-born head of the personnel office at the Egyptian Ministry of Finance, Cairo; a Bábí moving toward the Baháʼí branch. His letter on messianism draws the reply that contains Tolstoy’s unique self-voiced «христианский анархизм». (The PSS calls him «бабист»; see needsReview for the Bábí/Baháʼí nuance.)
je crois tout de même que le Babisme comme doctrine morale et humanitaire a un grand avenir dans le monde oriental ayant beaucoup de rapports avec l’anarchisme chrétien et tôt ou tard doit s’unir à lui. [Tolstoy’s French original] ...I still believe that Babism, as a moral and humanitarian doctrine, has a great future in the eastern world, having much in common with Christian anarchism (l’anarchisme chrétien) and sooner or later must unite with it. (working English) — PSS Tom 73, pp. 109–110 · christian-anarchism · 1901-07-28
я все-таки думаю, что бабизм, как нравственное и гуманитарное учение, имеет большое будущее в восточном мире. Имея много общего с христианским анархизмом, он должен рано или поздно с ним слиться. I still think that Babism, as a moral and humanitarian doctrine, has a great future in the eastern world. Having much in common with Christian anarchism, it must sooner or later merge with it. (working English) — PSS Tom 73, pp. 109–110 · christian-anarchism · 1901-07-28
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — PSS Tom 73 p.154 — the Sacy letter, the «христианским анархизмом» passage (rendered from the local PD PSS PDF) [PD]
Gaspra
place · missing · dives: 1901-1902-what-is-religion
1901-1902-what-is-religion: composition site; Tolstoy stayed at the Panina estate at Gaspra, Crimea, Sept 1901 – June 1902; gravely ill through winter 1901–02; most of the treatise written here
За все это время работаю над Религией. Кажется подвигается, но и умственно стал слабее, меньше времени могу работать. (working English) All this time I have been working on Religion. It seems to be progressing, but mentally I have grown weaker, less time to work. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 110–112 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-10-10
Я думаю, что кончил о религии. Как всегда сомневаюсь в важности и доброте этого сочинения, но кажется теперь более основательно, чем в прежних случаях. (working English) I think I have finished On religion. As always I doubt the importance and quality of this work, but it seems now more well-grounded than in previous cases. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 113–115 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-11-29
Кончил о религии. Но должно быть пересмотрю еще. (working English) Finished On religion. But I will probably review it again. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 115–117 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-12-26
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — The Panina estate at Gaspra — where Tolstoy stayed and wrote, 1901–1902 [PD], Tolstoy and Chekhov at the Panina dacha, Yalta/Gaspra area, 1901 [PD]
Gavriil Rusanov
person · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · names: G. A. Rusanov / Gavriil Rusanov
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Tolstoyan and jurist; an early careful reader of the work (the copy in his archive became the basis of Biryukov’s later edition). Correspondent in the composition and reception window. 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Voronezh correspondent; recipient of the letter first articulating ‘the hypnotisation of patriotism’ (Nov/Dec 1893)
Теперь пишу о Тулоне, гипнотизации патриотизма, кажется кончил. (working English) Now I am writing about Toulon, about the hypnotisation of patriotism; it seems I have finished. — PSS Tom 66, pp. 436–437 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-11-27 / 1893-12-03 (OS)
Gavril Rusanov
person · missing · dives: 1901-1902-what-is-religion
1901-1902-what-is-religion: Tolstoyan correspondent; received the clearest early programme statement (5 Sept 1901) and the final completion note (17 Jan 1902)
Теперь я занят статьей о религии: определение ее и выяснение ее отсутствия в нашем мире и ужасных последствиях этого. Очень меня занимает эта работа. (working English) I am now occupied with an article on religion: defining it and elucidating its absence in our world and the terrible consequences of this. This work absorbs me greatly. — PSS Tom 73, pp. 144–145 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-09-05
Georg Brandes
person · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: Danish critic; his Shakespeare (Russian transl. 1901, supplied by Stasov) is quoted as the modern admirer Tolstoy contests.
то слепое поклонение Шекспиру, тот нерассуждающий гипноз (working English) that blind worship of Shakespeare, that unreasoning hypnosis… — PSS Tom 35, pp. 245-246 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
Georg Gervinus
person · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: German literary historian whose Shakespeare (1849–52) Tolstoy quotes and polemicises with at length (Ch VI) as the type of the Shakespeare-as-ethical-teacher reading.
самое низменное, пошлое миросозерцание, считающее внешнюю высоту сильных мира действительным преимуществом людей, презирающее толпу, т. е. рабочий класс (working English) the lowest, most vulgar worldview, which regards the outward elevation of the powerful as a real human advantage and despises the crowd, i.e. the working class. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 261-262 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
Georg von Gizycki
person · missing · dives: break-with-the-church
break-with-the-church: Berlin philosophy professor; his 1893 letter on behalf of «Für Ethische Kultur» (two questions: what is religion; can morality be independent of religion) occasioned «Религия и нравственность».
По-русски статья «Религия и нравственность» впервые была опубликована в журнале «Северный вестник» (1894, январь) с большими цензурными пропусками и искажениями и с измененным редакцией заглавием: «Противоречия эмпирической нравственности». (working English) In Russian, “Religion and Morality” was first published in the journal “Severny Vestnik” (January 1894) with large censorship cuts and distortions, and with a title changed by the editors to “The Contradictions of Empirical Morality”. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 225–228 · break-with-the-church · 1956 (PSS apparatus)
религия есть установленное человеком между собой и вечным бесконечным миром или началом и первопричиной его известное отношение. (working English) religion is a certain relation, established by a person between himself and the eternal infinite world, or its origin and first cause. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 3–26 · break-with-the-church · 1893-11-09
Giuseppe Mazzini
person · missing · dives: 1905-the-great-sin
1905-the-great-sin: Italian revolutionary; quoted (ch. VIII epigraph) on great social transformations as consequences of religious movements — Tolstoy drew the line from Nikiforov’s Posrednik anthology «Избранные мысли Иосифа Мадзини» (1905). A recurring Tolstoy touchstone.
«Великие общественные преобразования, — говорит Мадзини, — всегда были и будут лишь следствием великих религиозных движений» ‘Great social transformations,’ says Mazzini, ‘always have been and will be only the consequence of great religious movements’ (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 226 · 1905-the-great-sin
Gospel Christians / icon-rejecting sectarians (The Forged Coupon)
group · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The peasant sect (icon- and sacrament-rejecting, штунда-adjacent) through whom — via Chuev — Stepan converts; the pro-sectarian material the censor cut.
И с этого времени Степан стал другим человеком. And from that time Stepan became a different man. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 37 (Part II ch III) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
однако с цензурными урезками however, with censorship excisions (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 580 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1911
Grigory Golitsyn
person · missing · dives: doukhobors
doukhobors: Caucasus viceroy who set the emigration conditions (own cost, no return) and to whom Tolstoy petitioned for Sulerzhitsky’s travel permit.
Но нынешнее русское правительство употребило против духоборов еще третий, казалось бы оставленный в наше время, выход из этого противоречия. Оно, кроме того, что подвергает самым тяжелым страданиям самих отказывающихся, заставляет еще систематически страдать отцов, матерей, детей отказывающихся, вероятно с тем, чтобы пытками этих невинных семей поколебать решимость несогласных их членов. But the present Russian government has used against the Doukhobors a third way out of this contradiction, one seemingly abandoned in our time. Besides subjecting the refusers themselves to the heaviest sufferings, it forces the fathers, mothers, and children of the refusers to suffer systematically as well — probably so as to shake the resolve of the dissenting members by the torture of these innocent families. (working English) — PSS Tom 71, pp. 322–327 · doukhobors · 1898-03-19
Grigory Zakharyin
person · missing · dives: 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich
1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Physician who treated the dying Mechnikov; named source for the clinical fidelity of the death (via Golubov’s 1909 lecture)
Иван Ильич Мечников умер 2 июля 1881 года (working English) Ivan Ilyich Mechnikov died on 2 July 1881. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 679–691 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1936 (editorial)
Grossman (The Fruits of Enlightenment)
character · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The travelling hypnotist / thought-reader who, blindfolded, “finds” the hidden spoon in a terrified peasant’s bag (Act 2) and “vibrates” in sympathy with the medium at the séance.
Звездинцев и Сахатов, прототипами для которых послужили Н. А. Львов и П. Ф. Самарин. ... фамилия профессора звучала сначала Кутлер, затем Кутлеров, т. е. созвучно с фамилией знаменитого химика и в то же время спирита академика и профессора — А. М. Бутлерова (working English) “...Zvezdintsev and Sakhatov, whose prototypes were N. A. Lvov and P. F. Samarin. ...the professor’s surname sounded at first Kutler, then Kutlerov — i.e. consonant with the surname of the famous chemist and at the same time spiritualist, academician and professor A. M. Butlerov.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 655 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Guy de Maupassant
person · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: French writer (1850–1893); the test-case writer of real talent + sincerity whom Tolstoy still rules ‘bad art’ for lacking the moral relation.
обладал и тем условием достоинства художественного произведения, без которого художественное произведение не производит действия, — искренностью, т. е. не притворялся, что любит или ненавидит, а точно любил и ненавидел то, что описывал. (working English) He possessed too that condition of a work of art’s worth, without which a work of art produces no effect — sincerity, i.e. he did not pretend to love or hate, but actually loved and hated what he described. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Из этих трех условий: 1) правильного, т. е. нравственного, отношения автора к предмету, 2) ясности изложения или красоты формы, что одно и то же, и 3) искренности, т. е. непритворного чувства любви или ненависти к тому, что изображает художник, из этих трех условий Мопассан обладал только двумя последними и был совершенно лишен первого. (working English) Of these three conditions — (1) a correct, i.e. moral, relation of the author to the subject; (2) clarity of exposition, or beauty of form, which is one and the same; and (3) sincerity, i.e. an unfeigned feeling of love or hatred toward what the artist depicts — of these three conditions Maupassant possessed only the last two, and was entirely deprived of the first. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Guy de Maupassant (Atelier Nadar) [PD]
Hadji Murat
character · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat
1896-1904-hadji-murat: The titular protagonist (the Avar naib who defected to the Russians Nov 1851 and was killed Apr 1852). character page by the tiering rule (titular + a documented historical prototype). prototypes[]: the historical Hadji Murat — person: “” (no page yet), name “Hadji Murat (historical figure)”, basis author-stated/editorial (Tolstoy built him from the Loris-Melikov record, the газета «Кавказ», AKAK vol. X, eyewitness testimony), certainty documented. NB the historical figure may also merit a standalone person page — see needsReview.
со всего роста, как подкошенный репей, упал на лицо и уже не двигался. (working English) he fell face down at his full height, like a thistle that has been mown down, and moved no more. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Вот эту-то смерть и напомнил мне раздавленный репей среди вспаханного поля. (working English) It was this very death that the crushed thistle in the middle of the ploughed field reminded me of. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Вот так-то показать надо человека Хаджи-Мурата: мужа, фанатика и т. п. (working English) Just so one must show the man Hadji Murat: husband, fanatic, and so on. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 186-189 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1898-03-21
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Yevgeny Lanceray, illustration for Hadji Murat (1913 edition) [PD], Yevgeny Lanceray, second Hadji Murat plate (1913) [PD]
Help (Pomogite)
criticalWork · missing · dives: doukhobors
doukhobors: The 1896 documentary appeal by Chertkov, Biryukov and Tregubov, with Tolstoy’s afterword; its authors were exiled.
Среди духоборов, или, скорее, христианского всемирного братства, как они теперь называют себя, происходит ведь не что-нибудь новое, а только произрастание того семени, которое посеяно Христом 1800 лет тому назад, — воскресение самого Христа. Among the Doukhobors — or rather the universal Christian brotherhood, as they now call themselves — what is taking place is nothing new, but only the sprouting of that seed which was sown by Christ 1,800 years ago: the resurrection of Christ himself. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 192–196 · doukhobors · 1896-12-26
Henry George
person · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1905-the-great-sin, tolstoyanism
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: American political economist; his Progress and Poverty, read by Tolstoy in early 1885, reinforced the book’s economic argument (‘destroys the cobwebs of Spencer–Mill political economy’). Influence is on the reinforcement phase (1885–86), not the 1882 genesis; Tolstoy first wrote to George in 1889. 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: American political economist; his land-value-tax project is endorsed in ch. IX as removing the first cause of slavery (landlessness), though Tolstoy rejects the single-tax as itself a residual slavery (ch. XI) 1905-the-great-sin: American political economist (1839–1897); Progress and Poverty (1879); founder of the single-tax / land-value-tax movement. THE CENTRE OF THE ESSAY’S INTELLECTUAL DEBT — Tolstoy quotes him at length (ch. II, IX) and stakes the whole remedy on his single tax. Championed by Tolstoy since the 1880s. Seeds the P9 land-question dive. tolstoyanism: Tangential: the Mac-Gahan letter’s long second half praises George’s single-tax economics (the ‘multiplication table’ analogy). Mentioned, not part of the толстовство theme — low ingestion priority.
Ведь я не дорожу тем, чтò есть моего в этой статье, […] тем, чтò в ней есть божеского, и мне радостно видеть, что я не так еще попортил его, чтобы нельзя было узнать. (working English) For I do not value what is mine in this article, but what is God’s in it, and I am glad to see that I have not yet spoiled it so far that it cannot be recognized. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 220–222 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1885-03-31 (OS)
Можно себе представить по проекту Генри Джорджа освобождение земли от права личной собственности и потому уничтожение первой из причин, загоняющих людей в рабство — недостатка земли. (working English) One can imagine, by Henry George’s project, the freeing of the land from the right of private property, and thus the abolition of the first of the causes driving men into slavery — the lack of land. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 182 (ch. IX) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Мы толкуем об отмене рабства, но мы не отменили рабства, мы отменили лишь более грубую форму его: личное рабство We talk of the abolition of slavery, but we have not abolished slavery, we have only abolished its cruder form: personal slavery (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 210 · 1905-the-great-sin
Средство это, употребляемое и до сих пор по отношению к Джорджу, было замалчивание This means, used to this day with respect to George, was suppression by silence (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 216 · 1905-the-great-sin
при существующем государственном строе и обязательных податях невозможно придумать какого-либо другого лучшего, более справедливого, практического и мирного решения under the existing state structure and obligatory taxes it is impossible to devise any other better, more just, practical and peaceful solution (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 229 · 1905-the-great-sin
Вы вот пишете о «толстовцах» и других моих последователях, о движении, поднятом моей проповедью, и о том, почему толстовцы проявляют мало рвения к пропаганде мыслей, которые осчастливят человечество; а я не знаю не только каких-либо других последователей, но и толстовцев You write about ‘the Tolstoyans’ and my other followers, about the movement raised by my preaching, and about why the Tolstoyans show so little zeal in propagating the ideas that would make mankind happy; but I know of no other followers, nor of any Tolstoyans. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 225–227 · tolstoyanism · 1894-09-22
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — Henry George (1839–1897), land-tax reformer — endorsed in ch. IX [PD], Henry George, 1888 oil portrait (George de Forest Brush) [PD], Henry George, «Progress and Poverty», 1881 (5th ed.) title page [PD]
Hodite v svete poka est svet
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: Fiction whose title is John 12:35; faith as a fire kept alive by adding wood
как огонь никогда не потухнет, когда на него подкладывают дрова. В этом-то и вера. as a fire never goes out when wood is laid on it. That is exactly what faith is. (working English) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 250–301 · fire-metaphor · 1887
Holy Synod
institution · missing · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, break-with-the-church · names: Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church / Holy Synod
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: The governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church and the ecclesiastical censorship authority. The work — the most direct doctrinal attack Tolstoy ever made on the Church — was unpublishable under its censorship in Russia; it is the institutional backdrop to the 1901 excommunication, though the 1901 edict names no individual works. 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: The governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church; excommunicated Tolstoy in 1901 and opposed his 1908 jubilee. The standing 1901 condemnation, not any text-specific pronouncement, was the operative ecclesiastical reaction to this work. break-with-the-church: The governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church that issued the 1901 edict; signed by seven hierarchs (Antony Vadkovsky chair, Theognost of Kiev, Vladimir of Moscow, et al.). The institution the dive’s works indict as a мирское учреждение.
Церковь — то самое, на чем основано всё богословие, — есть сама себя учредившая иерархия и, в противность всем другим иерархиям, считающая одну себя святою и непогрешимою и одну себя имеющею власть проповедывать божеское откровение. (working English) The Church — the very thing on which all theology is founded — is a self-instituted hierarchy which, against all other hierarchies, considers itself alone holy and infallible and alone having the authority to preach divine revelation. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ~242 (гл. XIII) · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1879–1880
учреждение, называющее себя христианской церковью, не есть христианское учреждение, а мирское учреждение, несогласное с христианством и скорее враждебное ему. (working English) the institution calling itself the Christian church is not a Christian institution but a worldly one, at odds with Christianity and rather hostile to it. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 291–298 · break-with-the-church · 1902-01-10
Это определение, составленное Победоносцевым, было проредактировано митрополитом петербургским и ладожским Антонием и другими членами синода и одобрено Николаем II. (working English) This edict, composed by Pobedonostsev, was revised by Metropolitan Antony of St Petersburg and Ladoga and other members of the Synod, and approved by Nicholas II. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575–577 · break-with-the-church · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Holy Synod Excommunication 1901
event · missing · dives: 1901-1902-what-is-religion
1901-1902-what-is-religion: the ecclesiastical-political context in which the treatise was composed (the 22–24 Feb 1901 OS decree predates the work); the treatise’s critique of an infallible institutional Church bears on it but is not a formal reply, and the decree is nowhere named in the text — attributed, not asserted
Искал определение религии, взял книгу Чичерина — Религия и Наука. Искусственные построения на заданную тему. Мое определение такое: Это — такое установление человеком отношения к бесконечному,¹⁰ которым¹¹ определяется цель его жизни. (working English) Sought a definition of religion, took Chicherin’s book Religion and Science. Artificial constructions on a set theme. My definition is: It is such an establishment by man of his relation to the infinite, by which the purpose of his life is determined. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 86–89 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-02-08
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Formal cabinet portrait of Tolstoy, year of excommunication [PD]
I Cannot Be Silent
work · missing · dives: 1908-i-cannot-be-silent
1908-i-cannot-be-silent: The essay itself — the dive’s subject. Routes to a NEW works/ record (see workRecord), not a wiki page. wikiType ‘work’ is the Tolstoy-Lab convention; in the main vault it is a works/ overview record.
«Семь смертных приговоров: два в Петербурге, один в Москве, два в Пензе, два в Риге. Четыре казни: две в Херсоне, одна в Вильне, одна в Одессе». “Seven death sentences: two in Petersburg, one in Moscow, two in Penza, two in Riga. Four executions: two in Kherson, one in Vilna, one in Odessa.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 83 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
есть несомненная зависимость между моей просторной комнатой, моим обедом, моей одеждой, моим досугом и теми страшными преступлениями, которые совершаются для устранения тех, кто желал бы отнять у меня то, чем я пользуюсь. there is an undoubted dependence between my spacious room, my dinner, my clothing, my leisure, and those terrible crimes which are committed to remove those who would take from me what I enjoy. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 95 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
надели на меня, так же как на тех двадцать или двенадцать крестьян, саван, колпак и так же столкнули с скамейки, чтобы я своей тяжестью затянул на своем старом горле намыленную петлю. put on me, just as on those twenty or twelve peasants, the shroud and cap and likewise push me off the bench, so that with my own weight I tighten the soaped noose on my old throat. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 95 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
Visuals: 6 (6 usable) — First page of the first manuscript of «Не могу молчать» (Tolstoy’s autograph, draft №1) [PD], PSS Tom 37, p. 83 — the opening page of «Не могу молчать» [PD], Leo Tolstoy, seated portrait, 1908 [PD], Leo Tolstoy on horseback at Yasnaya Polyana, 1908 [PD], Leo Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, colour photograph, 23 May 1908 [PD], Leo Tolstoy at his desk, Yasnaya Polyana study, May 1908 [PD]
I. Ivanov
person · missing · dives: tolstoyanism
tolstoyanism: Obscure 1909 correspondent (addressed via his nephew); identity beyond the PSS header unresolved — see needsReview. Addressee of the ‘some sort of Tolstoyans’ letter.
православные не любят толстовцев, а толстовцы не любят православных. В этом вы, я думаю, ошибаетесь, во-первых, в том, что признаете каких-то толстовцев. Что же до меня касается, то хотя я и сам Толстой [you say that] the Orthodox do not love the Tolstoyans, and the Tolstoyans do not love the Orthodox. In this, I think, you are mistaken — first of all, in that you acknowledge some sort of Tolstoyans. As for myself, though I am Tolstoy myself… (working English) — PSS Tom 80, pp. 50–53 · tolstoyanism · 1909-08-04
Ilya Mechnikov
person · missing · dives: 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich
1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Brother of the prototype; Nobel laureate (1908); his Yasnaya visit prompted Tolstoy’s statement of the connection
Иван Ильич Мечников умер 2 июля 1881 года (working English) Ivan Ilyich Mechnikov died on 2 July 1881. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 679–691 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1936 (editorial)
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Élie (Ilya Ilyich) Metchnikoff, c. 1905 [PD], Leo Tolstoy and Ilya Mechnikov together, 1909 [PD]
Ilya Repin
person · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, stories-for-the-people
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Painter; the third corner of the triptych (the canvas never painted); painted the composition-period 1887 Tolstoy portrait. stories-for-the-people: Illustrated the tales gratis (the 1881 angel-and-cobbler drawing for «Чем люди живы»; pictures for «Два брата и золото», «Вражье лепко»); redrew the Christ figure for the Bouguereau picture-text.
предложил изобразить эту сонату доступными всем трем средствами искусства. (working English) he proposed to depict this sonata by means accessible to all three arts. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Радость великую мне доставил Репин (working English) Repin has given me great joy. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-05-02 OS
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — I. E. Repin, «Встреча ангела с сапожником Семёном» (1881) — illustration for «Чем люди живы» [PD]
Imam Shamil
person · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat
1896-1904-hadji-murat: Third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate; in the novel the mirror of Nicholas (ch. XIX) — staged grandeur, self-attributed divine sanction, casual cruelty. Historically major → person.
Напиши, что я пожалел тебя и не убью, а выколю глаза, как я делаю всем изменникам. (working English) Write that I had pity on you and will not kill you, but will gouge out your eyes, as I do to all traitors. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
производила то самое впечатление величия, которое он желал и умел производить в народе. (working English) [his figure] produced exactly that impression of grandeur which he wished and knew how to produce upon the people. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Советники знали, что это значило то, что он слушает теперь говорящий ему голос пророка, указывающий то, что должно быть сделано. (working English) The councillors knew this meant that he was now listening to the voice of the prophet speaking to him, indicating what must be done. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — Imam Shamil, photograph by Sergey Levitsky, 1861 [PD], Imam Shamil, oil portrait by Prince Chavchavadze, 1856 [PD], Grigory Gagarin, The Meeting of Klüke von Klügenau and Shamil, 1837 (painted 1849) [PD]
Immanuel Kant
person · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: Most-cited authority in the treatise’s aesthetics survey; Tolstoy renders his disinterested-pleasure formula and then flattens it into hedonism. (One of the ~17 thinkers in the concept/philosopher map; see extracts/_concept_map.md for the full cast.)
способность суждения (Urtheilskraft), которая составляет суждения без понятий и производит удовольствие без желания (working English) the faculty of judgement (Urtheilskraft), which forms judgements without concepts and produces pleasure without desire — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch III · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Infection theory of art
concept · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: Tolstoy’s definition of art (from What Is Art?); the sincerity criterion the Shakespeare essay applies. art-aesthetics-satellites: Tolstoy’s definition of art (from What Is Art?); the sincerity criterion these satellites apply. Also proposed by the On Shakespeare dive — route once, cross-reference.
сущность искусства состоит в заражении воспринимающего произведение искусства чувством автора (working English) the essence of art consists in infecting the perceiver of the work of art with the author’s feeling. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 260-261 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
всякое художественно воспринимаемое впечатление есть заражение тем чувством, которое испытывает художник (working English) every artistically perceived impression is an infection with the feeling the artist experiences… — PSS Tom 35, pp. 571-572 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903 (рук. № 12)
уже некоторая доля ее цельности и искренности была вынута из нее (working English) already a certain part of its wholeness and sincerity had been taken out of it. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 204-206 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1898-03-29
обладал и тем условием достоинства художественного произведения, без которого художественное произведение не производит действия, — искренностью, т. е. не притворялся, что любит или ненавидит, а точно любил и ненавидел то, что описывал. (working English) He possessed too that condition of a work of art’s worth, without which a work of art produces no effect — sincerity, i.e. he did not pretend to love or hate, but actually loved and hated what he described. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Issledovanie dogmaticheskogo bogoslovija
work · missing · dives: gospel-translation
gospel-translation: Project part 2 — the polemical demolition of Orthodox dogma that cleared the ground for the harmony
кощунственные сочинения Вольтера, Юма, но никогда я не испытывал того несомненного убеждения в полном безверии человека, как то, которое я испытывал относительно составителей катехизисов и богословии the blasphemous writings of Voltaire and Hume — yet never did I feel such a certain conviction of a man’s complete unbelief as the one I felt regarding the composers of catechisms and theologies. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 60–303 · gospel-translation · 1880
ivan-gorbunov-posadov
person · missing · dives: 1889-1909-the-devil, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, krug-chtenija-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression, stories-for-the-people · names: Ivan Gorbunov (I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov) / Ivan Gorbunov-Posadov / Ivan Gorbunov-Posadov (I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov)
1889-1909-the-devil: Co-copyist (with Chertkov) of the autograph, February 1890. 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Posrednik editor; sent Tolstoy the newspaper clipping of the Toulon bishop’s speech that ‘proved useful’ (quoted in ch. II) krug-chtenija-tales: Editor and head of Посредник; editor of Круг чтения, who placed the tales in the weekly-reading slots and coordinated their printing. Tried (8 Nov 1911) and sentenced to a year in a fortress for publishing the anthology after Tolstoy’s death. The dive’s principal new person. late-voice-encryption-compression: Editor of Posrednik; ran the legal-Russian popular-publishing and the «Круг чтения» domestic production; correspondent on routing banned texts into the Readings. stories-for-the-people: Joined 1889, led Posrednik from the 1890s; addressee of the 24 Oct 1910 four-grade ranking letter — the project’s longest-serving editor.
И. И. Горбунов-Посадов был признан виновным и присужден к заключению в крепости на один год. (working English) I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov was found guilty and sentenced to one year of imprisonment in a fortress. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 557–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Вообще недурно бы в Чтения выбирать из запрещенных моих, когда нужно заменить. (working English) In general it would not be a bad idea to draw on my banned works for the Readings, when something needs replacing. — PSS Tom 76, pp. — · krug-chtenija-tales · 1905-09-25
Очень жалею, что забыл про Божеское и Человеческое и поместил в Круг Чтения (working English) I much regret that I forgot about “The Divine and the Human” and placed it in the Circle of Reading. — PSS Tom 89, pp. — · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906-11-26
недурно бы в Чтения выбирать из запрещенных моих, когда нужно заменить it would not be a bad idea for the Readings to draw on my banned works when a replacement is needed (working English) — PSS Tom 76 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1905-09-25
Получил листовки, высланные вами Саше, и очень заинтересовался ими. Разобрал их на четыре сорта: самые хорошие, хорошие, посредственные и плохие. (working English) I received the leaflets you sent to Sasha and became very interested in them. I sorted them into four grades: the very good, the good, the mediocre and the bad. — PSS Tom 82, pp. 206–210 · stories-for-the-people · 1910-10-24 OS
Что Посредника и свою работу в нем вам покидать не надо. На мой взгляд это божье дело и вы делаете его волю. (working English) That you must not abandon Posrednik and your work in it. In my view it is God’s work, and you are doing His will. — PSS Tom 86 · stories-for-the-people · 1889-02-19/20 OS
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov, portrait (К. А. Фишер, 1898) [PD], I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov with Tolstoy and P. Troubetzkoy (c. 1900) [PD]
Ivan Ilyich Mechnikov
person · missing · dives: 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich
1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Prototype of the protagonist; prosecutor of the Tula court (1836–1881)
Иван Ильич Мечников умер 2 июля 1881 года (working English) Ivan Ilyich Mechnikov died on 2 July 1881. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 679–691 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1936 (editorial)
Ivan Ivakin
person · missing · dives: gospel-translation
gospel-translation: Tolstoy’s Greek tutor at Yasnaya Polyana during the gospel work (per secondary literature — unconfirmed)
Читал я по-гречески, на том языке, на котором оно есть у нас, и переводил так, как указывал смысл и лексиконы I read in Greek, the language in which we have it, and translated as the sense and the lexicons indicated. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
Ivan Ladyzhnikov
person · missing · dives: 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, against-the-death-penalty
1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Émigré publisher (Berlin) who issued the essay abroad with a publisher’s preface noting its simultaneous worldwide appearance (15 July 1908). Identity/edition not independently confirmed (needsReview). against-the-death-penalty: Émigré publisher (Berlin) of «Смертная казнь и христианство» as a separate book (1909). Shared with the centrepiece dive.
опубликовано одновременно в газетах почти всех цивилизованных стран 15-го июля 1908 г. и произвело глубокое впечатление published simultaneously in the newspapers of almost all civilised countries on 15 July 1908, and produced a deep impression — from I. P. Ladyzhnikov’s publisher’s preface. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 426 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy
person · missing · dives: 1894-1895-master-and-man
1894-1895-master-and-man: Tolstoy’s youngest child (1888–1895), his and Sofia’s mutual darling, who died of scarlet fever on 23 Feb 1895 as the final proofs of the novella were being dispatched.
Похоронили Ваничку (working English) We buried Vanichka. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 10 · 1894-1895-master-and-man · 1895-02-26
Ivan Moskvin
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: MAT actor; played Fedya Protasov in the 1911 premiere
Впервые драма была опубликована в газете «Русское слово» 23 сентября 1911 г. (working English) “The drama was first published in the newspaper Russkoe Slovo on 23 September 1911 [OS], and simultaneously as a separate edition under V. G. Chertkov’s editorship.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 542 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Ivan Moskvin (played Fedya Protasov), portrait by K. A. Fisher, 1912 [PD]
Ivan Nazhivin
person · missing · dives: christian
christian: Writer; recipient of the true-vs-social-religion definition
Христианство, истинное христианство, по моему мнению, тем и отличается от религий, которые можно называть общественными, как католичество, православие, магометанство, я думаю даже конфуцианство, что оно обращается к душе каждого отдельного человека, для каждого отдельного человека разрешает его вопрос жизни, указывает ему его назначение, состоящее в исполнении воли бога, в слиянии с ней своей воли, в служении для бога богу и людям и тем дает ему спокойствие и благо. Christianity, true Christianity, in my opinion, differs from the religions one may call social — such as Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Mohammedanism, and I think even Confucianism — in that it addresses the soul of each individual person. (working English) — PSS Tom 75, pp. 60–62 · christian · 1904-03-17
Ivan Petrov
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Head of Sytin’s popular-editions desk; recipient of Tolstoy’s 17-title copy-count order (E25).
Будьте так добры, попросите Сытина прислать мне всех вышедших Посредниковых книг по 50, но пожалуйста, скажите ему, чтобы не «даром», а за деньги (working English) Be so kind as to ask Sytin to send me 50 copies of every Posrednik book published — but please tell him, not ‘for free’, but for money. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1887-07/08 approx OS
Ivan Petrovich Aleksandrov
character · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: secondary — the drink-ruined “genius” (гений); carries a documented prototype who also leaked the plot
послужил прототипом Ивана Петровича Александрова. (working English) “[Tolstoy’s copyist Aleksandr Petrovich Ivanov, a sick man who suffered from drinking bouts, a frequent visitor of the Khitrovka flophouse] served as the prototype of Ivan Petrovich Aleksandrov.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 534 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Ivan Sikorsky
person · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Kiev psychiatrist whose study of the malevanshchina ‘psychopathic epidemic’ Tolstoy adopts as the diagnostic frame for mass patriotism (ch. III)
Недавно профессор психиатрии Сикорский описал в Киевских университетских известиях исследованную им, как он называет это, психопатическую эпидемию малеванщины (working English) Recently Professor of Psychiatry Sikorsky described in the Kiev University News what he investigated and calls a psychopathic epidemic — the malevanshchina. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 34 (ch. III) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Ivan Sytin
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: The lubok printer-publisher whose presses and pedlar network printed and distributed Posrednik; took over Sofia Andreevna’s edition at 1½ kopecks a copy; Tolstoy’s standing instruction to him: «как можно дешевле».
Будьте так добры, попросите Сытина прислать мне всех вышедших Посредниковых книг по 50, но пожалуйста, скажите ему, чтобы не «даром», а за деньги (working English) Be so kind as to ask Sytin to send me 50 copies of every Posrednik book published — but please tell him, not ‘for free’, but for money. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1887-07/08 approx OS
Пишу вам от Сытина. Хотел с ним послать назад свой рассказ (working English) I am writing to you from Sytin’s. I wanted to send my story back with him. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-04-26 OS
Чтоб развязать поскорее грех, я предложил Сытину их взять. (working English) To untie the sin as quickly as possible, I proposed that Sytin take them. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-05-10/11 OS
чтобы ими заменять те, которые требуют в книжные лавки и земства, и чтобы Сытинския — наши шли глубже в народ (working English) …so that they replace those ordered by bookshops and zemstvos, and so that the Sytin ones — ours — go deeper into the people. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-05-10/11 OS
Сытину скажите, что он может печатать мои рассказы, но только как можно дешевле продавать их. (working English) Tell Sytin that he may print my stories, but only sell them as cheaply as possible. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-08-29/30 OS
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Sytin press lubok collage sheet (Koltsov verses, 1906–1914) — the commercial idiom Posrednik adopted and contested [PD], I. D. Sytin, portrait by A. V. Moravov (1908) [PD]
Ivan Tolstoy
person · missing · dives: 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Tolstoy’s youngest son (d. Feb 1895); the namesake of the comprehensibility test «понятно Ваничке». Not a contributor.
чтобы было понятно Ваничке so that it be comprehensible to Vanichka [and the yard-keeper] (working English) — PSS Tom 67 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1894-10-22
Ivan Tregubov
person · missing · dives: doukhobors
doukhobors: Co-author of «Help!»; exiled to the Baltic provinces. Verigin’s letter reached Tolstoy through him.
Среди духоборов, или, скорее, христианского всемирного братства, как они теперь называют себя, происходит ведь не что-нибудь новое, а только произрастание того семени, которое посеяно Христом 1800 лет тому назад, — воскресение самого Христа. Among the Doukhobors — or rather the universal Christian brotherhood, as they now call themselves — what is taking place is nothing new, but only the sprouting of that seed which was sown by Christ 1,800 years ago: the resurrection of Christ himself. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 192–196 · doukhobors · 1896-12-26
теперь же нельзя предоставлять одним врагам это могущественное орудие для обмана, и не пользоваться книгой или письмом для передачи своих мыслей и восприятия мыслей других людей but now one cannot leave this mighty instrument of deception to the enemies alone, and not make use of the book or the letter to convey one’s own thoughts and to receive the thoughts of others. (working English) — PSS Tom 68, pp. 262–266 · doukhobors · 1895-11-21
Ivan Turgenev
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites · names: I. S. Turgenev / Ivan Turgenev
1879-1882-a-confession: Novelist; called the work «исповедь» in 1882 correspondence (a step toward the eventual title). 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: Named (with Fet) as the aesthetically-gifted-but-suggestible Shakespeare-worshipper; the cut Turgenev/Macbeth anecdote (draft № 17). 1850s-60s interlocutor on Shakespeare. art-aesthetics-satellites: Gave Tolstoy «La maison Tellier» in 1881 — the framing anecdote of the Maupassant preface. (Also appears in the Shakespeare dive.)
всякое художественно воспринимаемое впечатление есть заражение тем чувством, которое испытывает художник (working English) every artistically perceived impression is an infection with the feeling the artist experiences… — PSS Tom 35, pp. 571-572 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903 (рук. № 12)
Автор обладал тем особенным, называемым талантом, даром, который состоит в способности усиленного, напряженного внимания, смотря по вкусам автора, направляемого на тот или другой предмет, вследствие которого человек, одаренный этой способностью, видит в тех предметах, на которые он направляет свое внимание, нечто новое, такое, чего не видят другие. (working English) The author possessed that special gift, called talent, which consists in a capacity for intensified, concentrated attention — directed, according to the author’s tastes, on one subject or another — by virtue of which the person endowed with this capacity sees in the objects on which he directs his attention something new, such as others do not see. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — I. S. Turgenev (Repin, 1874) [PD]
Ivan Vasilyevich
character · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: The frame-narrator: an old, universally respected man who tells the company the story of the ball and the flogging. Principal/titular voice.
что всё дело в среде, что среда заедает. А я думаю, что всё дело в случае. (working English) that it is all a matter of environment, that the environment devours one. But I think it is all a matter of chance. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 116 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
«Очевидно, он что-то знает такое, чего я не знаю», думал я про полковника. «Если бы я знал то, что он знает, я бы понимал и то, что я видел, и это не мучило бы меня» (working English) “Evidently he knows something that I do not know,” I thought about the colonel. “If I knew what he knows, I would understand what I saw, and it would not torment me.” — PSS Tom 34, pp. 124 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
не мог поступить в военную службу, как хотел прежде, и не только не служил в военной, но нигде не служил и никуда, как видите, не годился (working English) I could not enter military service, as I had meant to before, and not only did not serve in the army but served nowhere at all and, as you see, was good for nothing. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 125 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
веселый бал в Казани, влюблен в Корейшу красавицу, дочь воинского начальника[…]танцую с нею; ее красавец старик-отец ласково берет ее и идет мазурку. И на утро после влюбленной бессонной ночи звуки барабана и сквозь строй гонит татарина, и воинский начальник велит больней бить. (Очень бы хорошо) (working English) a gay ball in Kazan, in love with a Koreysh beauty, daughter of the military commander … I dance with her; her handsome old father tenderly takes her and dances the mazurka. And in the morning, after the love-struck sleepless night, the sounds of a drum, and he drives a Tatar through the gauntlet, and the military commander orders them to beat harder. (Would be very good.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
я знал одного такого, который накануне с красавицей дочерью танцовал мазурку на бале и уезжал раньше, чтобы на завтра рано утром распорядиться прогонянием на смерть сквозь строй бежавшего солдата татарина, засекал этого солдата до смерти и возвращался обедать в семью (working English) I knew one such man, who the evening before had danced the mazurka with his beautiful daughter at a ball and left early so as to give orders the next morning for a runaway Tatar soldier to be driven to death through the gauntlet — flogged the soldier to death and returned to dine with his family. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1886
Ivan Zakharyin-Yakunin
person · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: Writer and publicist (I. N. Zakharyin, pen-name Yakunin, 1839–1906); described a gauntlet punishment to Tolstoy in 1898–99 — the eyewitness detail Tolstoy lacked. Borderline-mint (one-episode informant); record in prose if not minted.
Самой экзекуции Толстой, однако, не наблюдал. В 1898—1899 гг. он встретился в Москве с писателем И. Н. Захарьиным (Якуниным), который рассказал, как ему пришлось по наряду присутствовать при наказании солдата (working English) Tolstoy did not, however, witness the execution itself. In 1898–1899 he met in Moscow the writer I. N. Zakharyin (Yakunin), who told him how he had been ordered to attend the punishment of a soldier. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1898-1899
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
person · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: In the essay, the ‘dictator of aesthetic opinion’ who canonised Shakespeare; the genealogical villain of the fame (Ch VIII).
провозгласил Шекспира великим поэтом (working English) [Goethe] proclaimed Shakespeare a great poet. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 268-269 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
John Coleman Kenworthy
person · missing · dives: christian-anarchism, gospel-translation
christian-anarchism: John Coleman Kenworthy (1861–1948), English founder of the Brotherhood Church, Croydon (from 1894); visited Yasnaya Polyana in 1896 and held UK rights to Tolstoy’s works. A node of the 1890s Christian-anarchist circle; named in the Schmitt correspondence. gospel-translation: Leader of the Croydon Brotherhood Church; attributed (secondary sources, unconfirmed) as the anonymous translator of the 1895–96 edition
Ваше дело, наше дело, т. е. божье дело, у вас делает успехи. Your work, our work, that is, God’s work, is making progress with you. (working English) — PSS Tom 68, pp. 26–28 · christian-anarchism · 1895-02-01
It is at Count Tolstoy’s express wish that I have undertaken the translation of his book on the Gospels. [...] owing to the impossibility of its being published in Russia, the Genevan edition is disfigured by numerous typographical mistakes. — gospel-translation · 1894-09-21
John Kenworthy
person · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: English Tolstoyan; the intermediary who sent Carpenter’s collection to Tolstoy (1896) at Carpenter’s request.
распространено и укоренилось суеверие, по которому считается, что для блага человечества совсем не нужно распространение истинных религиозных и нравственных знаний, а нужно только изучение опытных наук (working English) [in Russian society there is] spread and rooted the superstition that for the good of mankind there is no need at all to spread true religious and moral knowledge, but only to study the experimental sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
John Morrison Davidson
person · missing · dives: christian-anarchism
christian-anarchism: John Morrison Davidson (1843–1916), Scottish radical journalist and barrister; author of The Old Order and the New, The Gospel of the Poor and Anarchist Socialism v. State Socialism. Tolstoy praises him in 1894 for subordinating socialist/communist/anarchist theory to Christian truth.
социалистическая, коммунистическая и анархическая теории приводятся в подкрепление христианской истины, которая составляет ее главную часть. the socialist, communist and anarchist theories are brought in to corroborate the Christian truth, which forms its chief part. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 178–180 · christian-anarchism · 1894-07-23
John of Kronstadt
person · missing · dives: break-with-the-church
break-with-the-church: The most influential parish priest in Russia; the hardline clerical voice against Tolstoy — denounced him as a heretic «who surpassed all heretics» and (reportedly, 1908) prayed for his death. The opposite pole of the public reaction from the student demonstrations.
вызвало, как и должно было ожидать, в людях непросвещенных и нерассуждающих озлобление и ненависть ко мне, доходящие до угроз убийства (working English) [the ruling] called forth, as was to be expected, in unenlightened and unreasoning people bitterness and hatred toward me, going as far as threats of murder. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 245–253 · break-with-the-church · 1901-04-17
John Ruskin
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: English critic; the second epigraph (Stones of Venice, the division-of-labour passage)
не работа разделена, но люди разделены на частицы людей, разломлены на маленькие кусочки, на крошки (working English) it is not labour that is divided, but men — divided into fragments of men, broken into small pieces, into crumbs. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 145 (epigraph) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — John Ruskin (1819–1900), critic — second epigraph author [PD]
John Van der Veer
person · missing · dives: christian
christian: Dutch conscientious objector; Tolstoy tells him he ‘cannot but be’ a Christian
До сих пор все отказы от военной службы бывали основаны на мотивах, вытекающих из религиозных верований, и правительства объясняли их как последствия сектантского фанатизма, тогда как отказ Вандервера, который даже не называет себя христианином (вероятно, в том смысле, который церкви обычно придают этому слову, в сущности же я считаю его более христианином, чем все епископы, которые будут осуждать его поступок), не дает правительству никакой возможности объяснить его поступок, как исключение, и ясно обнаруживает противоречие между христианством, к которому причисляют себя правительства, и существующим порядком, который они поддерживают постоянными армиями, не имеющими другого назначения, кроме насилия и убийства. ...Van der Veer, who does not even call himself a Christian (probably in the sense the churches usually give the word, though in essence I consider him more of a Christian than all the bishops who will condemn his act)... (working English) — PSS Tom 69, pp. 122–124 · christian · 1896-08-23
Дорогой друг, Называю вас так, потому что, прочитав ваше письмо к командиру полка,³ По этому письму я вижу, что ваше понимание жизни и наших обязанностей к богу и ближнему тождественно с моим. Вы говорите в вашем письме, что вы не христианин; но вы не можете не быть таковым, так как поступок ваш мог вытечь только из христианского начала, заключающегося в признании цели своего существования не в благе своей личности, но в осуществлении истины и общего блага, иначе говоря — в осуществлении воли божьей и установлении его царства на земле. You say in your letter that you are not a Christian; but you cannot but be one, since your act could only have flowed from the Christian principle. (working English) — PSS Tom 69, pp. 124–127 · christian · 1896-08-23
Karl Marx
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Quoted (Capital vol. I, ch. XXIV) on the violent expropriation of the rural population; Tolstoy read Capital (annotated YP-library copy) but rejects the Marxist socialist solution
Сельское население сначала насильственно обезземеливали, говорит К. Маркс, изгоняли и доводили до бродяжничества, а затем, в силу жестоких законов, его пытали, клеймили каленым железом, наказывали плетьми, с целью подчинить требованиям наемного труда. (working English) The rural population was first forcibly deprived of its land, Marx says, driven out and reduced to vagrancy, and then, by cruel laws, tortured, branded with hot iron, and flogged, in order to subject it to the demands of wage labour. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 157–158 (ch. IV) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
С развитием капиталистического производства во время промышленного периода общественное мнение Европы потеряло последний остаток стыда и совести. (working English) With the development of capitalist production during the manufacturing period, the public opinion of Europe lost the last remnant of shame and conscience. [Tolstoy’s rendering of Marx, given in German in the draft] — PSS Tom 34, pp. 491–502 (variants) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900 (рук. №86)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Karl Marx (1818–1883) — quoted in the work (Tolstoy read Capital) [PD]
Katyusha Maslova
character · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection
1889-1899-resurrection: The novel’s heroine; rooted in the Rozalia Oni case (told to Tolstoy by the jurist Koni). prototypes[]: Rozalia Oni (basis: documented). Earns a character page under the tiering rule (principal + documented prototype).
Все так устали, так запутались в спорах, что никто не догадался прибавить к ответу: да, но без намерения лишить жизни. (working English) Everyone was so tired, so tangled in arguments, that no one thought to add to the answer: yes, but with no intention of taking life. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
Kherson Execution 1908
event · missing · dives: 1908-i-cannot-be-silent
1908-i-cannot-be-silent: The triggering event: twenty (later corrected to twelve) peasants hanged on the Strelbitsky Field, Kherson, for an armed raid on the Lubenko estate in the Elisavetgrad district. Known to the essay only through the newspaper notice — no independent corroboration found (needsReview).
«Херсон. 8 мая. Сегодня на стрельбищном поле казнены через повешение двадцать крестьян, осужденных военно-окружным судом за разбойное нападение на усадьбу землевладельца Лубенко в Елисаветградском уезде». “Kherson, 8 May. Today on the rifle-range field twenty peasants were executed by hanging, sentenced by a military district court for an armed attack on the estate of the landowner Lubenko in the Elisavetgrad district.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Нынче, 9 мая, что-то ужасное. В газете стоят короткие слова: «Сегодня в Херсоне на Стрельбицком поле казнены через повешение двадцать крестьян за разбойное нападение на усадьбу землевладельца в Елисаветградском уезде». Today, 9 May, something horrible. In the paper stand short words: “Today in Kherson, on the Strelbitsky Field, twenty peasants were executed by hanging for an armed attack on the estate of a landowner in the Elisavetgrad district.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 83 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
Khristofor Abrikosov
person · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: Tolstoy’s helper on Круг чтения; suggested the name «недельные чтения» for the weekly-reading slot and distributed material across the days. Peripheral but named in the slot’s history.
Толстой сначала называл эти выдержки «воскресными чтениями», но потом по совету помогавшего ему в работе Х. Н. Абрикосова решил называть их «недельными чтениями». Таких «недельных чтений» должно было быть всего, по числу недель в году, пятьдесят два. (working English) Tolstoy first called these excerpts “Sunday readings”, but then, on the advice of his helper Kh. N. Abrikosov, decided to call them “weekly readings”. There were to be fifty-two such “weekly readings” in all, one for each week of the year. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 557–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Kievskie Vesti
institution · missing · dives: 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love
1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: Kyiv newspaper «Киевские вести» that printed the work’s first (partial, censored) Russian appearance in February 1909 — preface + chs I–VII across nos. 47, 49, 52.
Впервые статья «Закон насилия и закон любви» была опубликована неполностью и с цензурными пропусками в газете «Киевские вести» 1909, № 47 от 17 февраля For the first time, the article The Law of Violence and the Law of Love was published incompletely and with censorship omissions in the newspaper Kievskie Vesti, 1909, no. 47 of 17 February. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 436–438 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1909-02-17
Kishinev pogrom
event · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales · names: Kishinev pogrom (1903) / Kishinev pogrom (April 1903)
1903-after-the-ball: The April 1903 pogrom whose relief almanac occasioned the story. Already routed by the 1903-folk-tales dive — same target page; the genesis occasion, not a subject of the story. folk-tales: The anti-Jewish pogrom of 6–7 April 1903 (OS) in Kishinev — the occasion of the trio. Tolstoy condemned it publicly and blamed the government privately.
виновник не только кишиневских ужасов, но всего того разлада, который поселяется в некоторой малой части — и не народной — русского населения[…]одно правительство. К сожалению, этого-то я не могу сказать в русском легальном издании. (working English) the culprit not only of the Kishinev horrors but of all the discord that settles into a certain small — and not popular — part of the Russian population … is the government alone. Unfortunately, this is just what I cannot say in a legal Russian publication. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 118-119 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903-05-06
Написал письмо о Кишиневском событии и телеграмму. (working English) Wrote a letter about the Kishinev event, and a telegram. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 169–170 · folk-tales · 1903-04-29 (OS)
глубоко потрясенные совершенным недавно в городе Кишиневе злодеянием, мы выражаем наше болезненное сострадание невинным жертвам зверства толпы, наш ужас перед этими зверствами русских людей, невыразимое омерзение и отвращение к подготовителям и подстрекателям толпы и безмерное негодование против попустителей этого ужасного дела. (working English) deeply shaken by the atrocity recently committed in the town of Kishinev, we express our anguished compassion for the innocent victims of the mob’s savagery, our horror at these savageries of Russian people, our inexpressible loathing and revulsion at the instigators and inciters of the mob, and our boundless indignation at those who allowed this terrible deed. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 111 · folk-tales · 1903-05 (early)
виновник не только кишиневских ужасов, но всего того разлада, который поселяется в некоторой малой части — и не народной — русского населения[…]одно правительство. К сожалению, этого-то я не могу сказать в русском легальном издании. (working English) the culprit not only of the Kishinev horrors but of all that discord which settles into a certain small — and not popular — part of the Russian population … is the government alone. Unfortunately, this is just what I cannot say in a legal Russian publication. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 118–119 · folk-tales · 1903-05-06
для перевода их на жаргон и напечатания в еврейском Сборнике, издаваемом в пользу пострадавших в Кишиневе евреев. (working English) for translation into Yiddish [“the jargon”] and printing in the Jewish anthology published in aid of the Jews who suffered in Kishinev. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 165–166 · folk-tales · 1903-08-20
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Sefer Torah funeral procession after the Kishinev pogrom, April 1903 [PD]
Konstantin Pobedonostsev
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1899-resurrection, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, break-with-the-church, stories-for-the-people · names: K. P. Pobedonostsev / Konstantin Pobedonostsev
1879-1882-a-confession: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod (1880–1905); the institutional obstacle behind the suppression and the later church conflict. 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod; the institutional shadow over the ban — S. A. Tolstaya feared ‘Победоносцев со своей бестактностью и педантизмом опять запретит’. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod; his 16 Dec 1885 letter to S. A. Tolstaya refused the uncut vol. 12 — «нет никакой надежды, чтобы они были пропущены… книга, которая произведет вредное действие на умы». 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod; his 18 Feb 1887 letter to Alexander III (“cruder than Zola”) reversed the tsar and secured the stage ban. 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod; a chief obstacle to publication (admitted he had not read the work). 1889-1899-resurrection: Over-Procurator of the Holy Synod; model for the novel’s Toporov; his exact role in the decree (author/prime-mover vs reluctant) is contested. 1901-1902-what-is-religion: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod; drove the 22–24 Feb 1901 (OS) excommunication decree. Contextual to the dive’s excommunication frame only — NOT named in the treatise or in the corpus extracts; included for the reception/biographical surround. break-with-the-church: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod (1880–1905). The PSS apparatus and popular account credit him with drafting the edict; Kolstø (2022) shows from the archives he opposed it. Either way the face of the church-state apparatus for Tolstoy — the model for Toporov in Resurrection, named in the diary and the Tsar letter. stories-for-the-people: Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod; commonly linked to the February 1887 arrest wave, but the Tom 25 apparatus extracts do not name him for «Чем люди живы» — see needsReview before asserting instigation.
Едва ли сам Золя дошел до такой степени грубого реализма, на какую здесь становится Толстой. (working English) “Hardly even Zola himself reached such a degree of crude realism as Tolstoy attains here.” (K. P. Pobedonostsev to Alexander III, 18 Feb 1887.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 718 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-02-18
категорически объявлено, что она ни в каком случае не будет допущена к выпуску в свет (working English) categorically informed that under no circumstances will it be permitted to appear. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Отлучение Толстого от церкви было задумано царским правительством еще в 1880-х гг. Толчком к опубликованию отлучения послужило появление в 1899 г. романа «Воскресение», в котором Толстой разоблачил лицемерие казенной церкви и создал сатирический образ Топорова, недвусмысленно намекавший на обер-прокурора «святейшего» синода К. П. Победоносцева. (working English) The excommunication of Tolstoy was conceived by the tsarist government as far back as the 1880s. The impulse to publish the excommunication was the appearance in 1899 of the novel Resurrection, in which Tolstoy exposed the hypocrisy of the official church and created the satirical figure of Toporov, an unmistakable allusion to the Over-Procurator of the “most holy” Synod, K. P. Pobedonostsev. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575-577 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1964
Это определение, составленное Победоносцевым, было проредактировано митрополитом петербургским и ладожским Антонием и другими членами синода и одобрено Николаем II. (working English) This edict, composed by Pobedonostsev, was revised by Metropolitan Antony of St Petersburg and Ladoga and other members of the Synod, and approved by Nicholas II. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575–577 · break-with-the-church · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
пишу Вам как бы с того света, находясь в ожидании близкой смерти. (working English) I write to you as if from the other world, awaiting near death. — PSS Tom 73, pp. 184–198 · break-with-the-church · 1902-01-29
рассказ был арестован Московским цензурным комитетом 4 февраля; затем в этом же году 10 октября Главное управление по делам печати запретило новое издание и потом вновь повторило свое распоряжение в 1888, 1891 и 1893 гг. (working English) …the story was arrested by the Moscow Censorship Committee on 4 February; then in the same year, on 10 October, the Main Directorate for Press Affairs banned a new edition, and repeated its order in 1888, 1891 and 1893. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 665–674 · stories-for-the-people · 1937 (apparatus, on events of 1887–1893)
Visuals: 4 (4 usable) — K. P. Pobedonostsev (Repin study, 1903) [PD], K. P. Pobedonostsev, 1896 [PD], Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Synod Ober-Procurator, study by Repin [PD], Ilya Repin, «Ceremonial Sitting of the State Council, 7 May 1901», oil, 1903 (Pobedonostsev among the assembled) [PD]
Konstantin Sibiryakov
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Gold-magnate philanthropist solicited in 1885 to fund a popular journal alongside Posrednik.
есть в Петербурге очень мне близкий человек Чертков, мы с ним-то и толковали о таком журнале (working English) There is in Petersburg a man very close to me, Chertkov — it is with him that I have been discussing such a journal. — PSS Tom 63 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-04-16 OS
Konstantin Stanislavski
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1900-the-living-corpse · names: K. S. Stanislavski / Konstantin Stanislavski
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Staged the comedy for his amateur Society of Art and Literature (Feb 1891), playing Zvezdintsev — by his own account his first independent directorial work, and a Moscow event that impressed the future Moscow Art Theatre co-founder Nemirovich-Danchenko. 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Staged the play at the Moscow Art Theatre (opened 5 Dec 1902) and explicitly denied its realism was “naturalism not justified from within” — a practitioner’s push-back on the naturalist label. 1900-the-living-corpse: co-director of the 1911 MAT premiere; played Prince Abrezkov
Впервые драма была опубликована в газете «Русское слово» 23 сентября 1911 г. (working English) “The drama was first published in the newspaper Russkoe Slovo on 23 September 1911 [OS], and simultaneously as a separate edition under V. G. Chertkov’s editorship.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 542 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — K. S. Stanislavski as Zvezdintsev, The Fruits of Enlightenment, 1891 [PD], K. S. Stanislavski, portrait by Valentin Serov [PD]
Korganov family (I. I. Korganov & A. A. Korganova)
person · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat
1896-1904-hadji-murat: The Nukha eyewitnesses Tolstoy corresponded with for the physical detail of Hadji Murat’s last weeks (appearance, dress, the day of the escape). Candidate person page(s); the credo-letter addressee.
когда я пишу историческое, я люблю быть до малейших подробностей верным действительности. (working English) when I write historical [fiction], I like to be faithful to reality down to the smallest particulars. — PSS Tom 73 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-12-25
Kratkoe izlozhenie Evangelija
work · missing · dives: gospel-translation, lords-prayer
gospel-translation: The condensed redaction of the harmony; its preface narrates the crisis, the method, the 12-chapter structure and the four-part plan lords-prayer: The condensed redaction — holds Version C (the twelve-fold correspondence in its preface and the recitable prayer in its body). The base text for the Swedish rendering.
Разделение Евангелия на 12 или на 6 глав (соединяя по две главы в одну) вытекло само собою из смысла учения. The division of the Gospel into 12 chapters (or into 6, joining two chapters into one) emerged of itself from the meaning of the teaching. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
разночтений евангельских книг насчитывают до пятидесяти тысяч. the variant readings of the Gospel books are counted at up to fifty thousand. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
Я был приведен к христианству не богословскими, не историческими исследованиями, а тем, что пятидесяти лет от роду [...] я пришел в отчаяние и хотел убить себя [...] И я стал изучать христианство I was brought to Christianity not by theological or historical investigations, but by the fact that, at fifty years of age […] I fell into despair and wanted to kill myself […] And I began to study Christianity. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
перевод четырех Евангелий и соединение их в одно. the translation of the four Gospels and their combination into one. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
так называемая молитва господня есть не что иное, как в самой сжатой форме выраженное всё учение Иисуса в том самом порядке, в котором были расположены мною главы, и что каждое выражение молитвы соответствует смыслу и порядку глав. the so-called Lord’s Prayer is nothing other than the whole teaching of Jesus expressed in the most condensed form, in the very order in which I had arranged the chapters, and each phrase of the prayer corresponds to the sense and order of the chapters. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
нашел незаконно соединенную с ним грязь и тину, которая одна заслоняла для меня его чистоту; рядом с высоким христианским учением я нашел связанное с ним чуждое ему безобразное учение еврейское и церковное. I found, illegitimately joined to it, mud and silt which alone obscured its purity for me; beside the lofty Christian teaching I found bound up with it an alien, ugly Jewish and ecclesiastical teaching. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
Окончив свою работу, я к удивлению и радости своей нашел, что так называемая молитва господня есть не что иное, как в самой сжатой форме выраженное всё учение Иисуса в том самом порядке, в котором были расположены мною главы, и что каждое выражение молитвы соответствует смыслу и порядку глав. On finishing my work I found, to my surprise and joy, that the so-called Lord’s Prayer is nothing other than the whole teaching of Jesus expressed in the most condensed form, in the very order in which I had arranged the chapters, and that each phrase of the prayer corresponds to the sense and order of the chapters. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
А будет твоя власть, и сила, и разум. But there will be thy power, and strength, and reason. (working English) — Tolstoy’s meaning for the doxology (phrase 12 of 12) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
Человек — сын Бога. Man is the son of God. (working English) — Tolstoy’s meaning for “Отче наш” (phrase 1 of 12) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
Молитесь только так: Отец наш безначальный и бесконечный, как небо! Пусть будет свято только твое существо. Пусть будет власть только твоя, так, чтобы воля твоя совершалась безначально и бесконечно на земле. Дай мне пищу жизни в настоящем. Ошибки мои прежние загладь и сотри так же, как и я заглаживаю и стираю все ошибки братьев моих, чтобы я не попал в соблазн, избавился от зла. Потому что твоя власть и сила и твое решение. Pray only thus: Our Father, without beginning and without end, like the sky! May thy being alone be holy. May power alone be thine, so that thy will be done, without beginning and without end, on earth. Give me the food of life in the present. My former mistakes, efface and wipe them out, just as I efface and wipe out all the mistakes of my brothers, so that I may not fall into temptation, and may be delivered from evil. Because thine is the power and the strength and thine the decision. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
Ни молиться, ни поститься не нужно. Молиться не нужно потому, что отец знает всё, что людям нужно. Neither to pray nor to fast is needed. To pray is not needed, because the Father knows everything that people need. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
Kreutzer Sonata (Beethoven)
concept · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: The musical source — the violin sonata whose Presto is the novella’s pivot and titular reference.
предложил изобразить эту сонату доступными всем трем средствами искусства. (working English) he proposed to depict this sonata by means accessible to all three arts. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Что такое музыка? Что она делает? И зачем она делает то, что она делает? [...] Она действует ни возвышающим ни принижающим душу образом, а раздражающим душу образом. (working English) What is music? What does it do? And why does it do what it does? [...] It acts neither in an elevating nor in a degrading way on the soul, but in an irritating [provoking] way. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 7-78 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Beethoven Op. 47 (Kreutzer Sonata), first-edition frontispiece (1805) [PD]
Leo Tolstoy
person · exists · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1903-after-the-ball, 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, biryukov-sofia-relationship, christian-anarchism, copyright-renunciation, crisis, doukhobors, tolstoyanism · names: Lev Tolstoy / Leo Tolstoy
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: Author. 1879-1882-a-confession: Author. 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Author. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Author. 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Author 1886-1887-on-life: Author. 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Author. 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Author. 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Author of the novella and the Afterword. 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: Author. 1889-1909-the-devil: Author; the autobiographical source (the Aksinya affair, the Domna temptation). 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Author. 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Author of the essay 1896-1904-hadji-murat: Author; began the work from the 1896 thistle image and worked it across 1896–1904, never publishing it in his lifetime. 1897-1898-what-is-art: Author of What Is Art? 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Author of the treatise 1903-after-the-ball: Author. Wrote the story at Yasnaya Polyana, 6–20 Aug 1903. 1904-bethink-yourselves: Author of the essay 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: Author of the treatise, in his 80th year (“while I am still alive”). biryukov-sofia-relationship: Subject; author of the letters, diaries, and testament christian-anarchism: The author refusing the political label ‘anarchist’ while affirming the religious substance, and the sole user of «христианский анархизм» in his own voice (once). copyright-renunciation: author renouncing copyright; subject of the dive crisis: subject of the dive; author of the keystone confessional works doukhobors: Author of the public appeals, organiser and partial funder of the relief and emigration. tolstoyanism: The author disowning the label and the movement named after him.
Я был приведен к исследованию учения о вере православной церкви неизбежно. (working English) I was led to the examination of the teaching of the faith of the Orthodox Church inevitably. — PSS Tom 23, pp. 60 (Вступление) · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1879–1880
И я понял, наконец, что всё это вероучение, то, в котором мне казалось тогда, что выражается вера народа, что всё это не только ложь, но сложившийся веками обман людей неверующих, имеющий определенную и низменную цель. (working English) And I understood, at last, that this whole creed — the one in which it then seemed to me the faith of the people was expressed — that all of it is not only a lie, but a deception built up over centuries by unbelieving men, with a definite and base aim. — PSS Tom 23, pp. 62 (Вступление) · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1879–1880
Особенно тяжело мне было то, что, начав все перерабатывать сначала, я отдел обзора православного богословия должен был расширить. И я изучил хорошо богословие и теперь вот кончаю разбор его. (working English) What weighed on me most was that, having begun to rework everything from the start, I had to expand the section surveying Orthodox theology. And I have studied theology thoroughly, and now I am finishing its analysis. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 12–13 · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1880-02-29 (OS)
Я был крещен и воспитан в православной христианской вере. Меня учили ей и с детства и во всё время моего отрочества и юности. Но когда я 18-ти лет вышел со второго курса университета, я не верил уже ни во что из того, чему меня учили. (working English) I was baptized and brought up in the Orthodox Christian faith. I was taught it from childhood and throughout my boyhood and youth. But when, at eighteen, I left the second year of university, I no longer believed in anything I had been taught. — PSS Tom 23, pp. 1 (ch. I) · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1879–1882
Начал писать «свою жизнь». (working English) Began to write ‘my life’. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 69–70 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1878-05-22 (OS)
Разум мне ничего не говорит и не может сказать на три вопроса, которые легко выразить одним: что я такое? (working English) Reason tells me nothing, and can say nothing, to the three questions that may easily be put as one: what am I? — PSS Tom 62, pp. 379–383 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1878-01-27 (OS)
Я прожил на свете 55 лет и, за исключением 14 или 15 детских, 35 лет я прожил нигилистом в настоящем значении этого слова, то есть не социалистом и революционером, как обыкновенно понимают это слово, а нигилистом в смысле отсутствия всякой веры. (working English) I have lived 55 years in the world and, apart from the 14 or 15 of childhood, I lived 35 years a nihilist in the real sense of the word — not a socialist and revolutionary, as the word is usually understood, but a nihilist in the sense of the absence of any faith. — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304 (opening) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Пять лет тому назад я поверил в учение Христа — и жизнь моя вдруг переменилась: мне перестало хотеться того, чего прежде хотелось, и стало хотеться того, чего прежде не хотелось. (working English) Five years ago I came to believe in Christ’s teaching — and my life suddenly changed: I ceased to want what I had wanted before, and began to want what I had not wanted before. — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304 (opening) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Я верю в учение Христа, и вот в чем моя вера. (working English) I believe in Christ’s teaching, and this is what my faith consists in. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. VIII / XII (the credo) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Я всю жизнь прожил не в городе. Когда я в 1881 году переехал на житье в Москву, меня удивила городская бедность. (working English) I lived my whole life away from the city. When in 1881 I moved to Moscow to live, the city poverty astonished me. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 182 (ch. I) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
Я сижу на шее у человека, задавил его и требую, чтобы он вез меня, и, не слезая о него, уверяю себя и других, что я очень жалею и хочу облегчить его положение всеми возможными средствами, но только не тем, чтобы слезть с него. (working English) I sit on a man’s back, choking him and making him carry me, and yet assure myself and others that I am very sorry for him and wish to ease his lot by every possible means — except by getting off his back. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XVI (the keystone) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
исполнять тот вечный, несомненный закон человека — трудом всего существа своего, не стыдясь никакого труда, бороться с природою для поддержания жизни своей и других людей. (working English) to fulfil that eternal, indubitable law of man — to struggle with nature, with the labour of one’s whole being, ashamed of no labour, for the support of one’s own life and the lives of others. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XXXVIII (the three answers) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
что умер он, а не я (working English) that it was he who had died and not I. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886
Вместо смерти был свет (working English) Instead of death there was light. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886
вся моя жизнь сознательная жизнь, была «не то» (working English) my whole life, my conscious life, was ‘not the right thing.’ — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886
Хочу начать и кончить новое (working English) I want to begin and finish something new (either The Death of a Judge, or The Notes of a Not-Madman). — PSS Tom 49, pp. 87 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1884-04-27 (OS; filed in TEI as 1883 — cataloguing artifact)
Смерть Ивана Ильича достал — хорошо и скорее могу (working English) Got out The Death of Ivan Ilyich — good, and I can do it more quickly. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 88–89 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1884-04-30 (OS)
мне нужен отдых от той работы, и эта, художественная, такая (working English) I need a rest from that work, and this, the artistic kind, is such a rest. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 89 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1884-05-01 (OS)
описаніе простой смерти простого человѣка (working English) a description of the simple death of a simple man, describing it from within him. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 282–283 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1885-08-20 (OS, approx.)
весь поглощен теперь этой работой, уже тянущейся несколько лет (working English) wholly absorbed now in this work, already dragging on for several years (and now nearing its end). — PSS Tom 83, pp. 336 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1885-10-23 (OS)
по содержанию ко всем (working English) in content, to everyone (it relates to our circle only in form). — PSS Tom 85, pp. 67 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1885-06-01/02
скоро сталь путаться (working English) soon got tangled (today I wrote a little of Ivan Ilyich and soon got tangled). — PSS Tom 85, pp. 95 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886-01-16/17
Жизнь есть та мельница, которую хочет исследовать человек. Мельница нужна для того, чтобы она хорошо молола, жизнь нужна только затем, чтобы она была хорошая. (working English) Life is the mill that man wishes to investigate. The mill is needed in order that it should grind well; life is needed only in order that it should be good. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 313 (Вступление) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Разум для человека тот закон, по которому совершается его жизнь (working English) Reason is for man the law by which his life is accomplished — PSS Tom 26, pp. 347 (гл. X) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Но разум есть в человеке. Он-то и уничтожает это противоречие. (working English) But reason is in man. It is precisely this that abolishes the contradiction. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 127–129 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886-06-19 (OS)
что верить в то, что из моей трости, если я ее пососу, потечет молоко, чего никогда не было и быть не может (working English) “...[it is just the same] as believing that if I suck my walking-stick, milk will flow from it — which has never happened and cannot happen.” (Tolstoy before the séance, reported by N. V. Davydov.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 647 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
Пишу и комедию,² и повесть,³ и об искусстве.⁴ (working English) “I am writing both the comedy, and a story, and about art.” (To N. N. Ge, 23 June 1889.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 392 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-06-23
которая у меня давно была набросана. Таня дочь затеяла спектакль и попросила у меня, я согласился и вот поправил ее кое-как, и вот они играют у нас на праздниках. (working English) “...quite unexpectedly I took up a comedy I had long ago sketched. My daughter Tanya got up a play and asked me for it; I agreed and patched it up somehow, and now they are performing it over the holidays.” (To L. F. Annenkova, 25 December 1889.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 479 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-25
Делали с спокойной совестью в усиленной мере то самое, что осмеивается комедией. Маша играла кухарку необыкновенно хорошо (working English) “With clear consciences we were doing, in heightened measure, the very thing the comedy ridicules. Masha played the cook remarkably well.” (To P. I. Biryukov, 31 December 1889.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 484 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-31
И главное мое с годами всё усиливающееся отвращение, от которого я не отрекаюсь, ко всяким суевериям, к которым я причисляю спиритизм. (working English) “And the main thing is my hatred, growing with the years, which I do not renounce, of every kind of superstition, among which I count spiritualism.” (To the zoologist-spiritualist N. P. Wagner, 25 March 1890.) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 51 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-03-25
Написал драму на прелюбодеяние. Кажется хорошо (working English) “I have written a drama on adultery. Seems good.” (Tolstoy to V. G. Chertkov, 14 November 1886.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 708 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886-11-14
Прошу всех печатать где и как хотят, и прав собственности ни я ни мои наследники заявлять не будем (working English) “I ask everyone to print it where and how they wish, and neither I nor my heirs will declare property rights.” (Tolstoy to Chertkov, 23 Feb 1887.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 715 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-02-23
будет полезна для тех, для «большого света»[…]для которого я писал ее, но вам она совсем не нужна. (working English) “...it (the play) will be useful for those, for the ‘great world,’ for whom I wrote it, but you have no need of it at all.” (Tolstoy to Countess A. A. Tolstaya, ~Jan 1887.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 6 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01
Я ужасался своим выводам, хотел не верить им, но не верить нельзя было. (working English) I was horrified at my own conclusions, I wanted not to believe them, but it was impossible not to believe them. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 79-92 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1890
Вы спрашиваете, разумею ли я, что следует совершенно воздержаться от половых сношений? Отвечаю: да. (working English) You ask whether I mean that one ought to abstain entirely from sexual intercourse? I answer: yes. — PSS Tom 65 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1890-08-25
И он увидал, что зло расходится, но не поборает добра. А добро также расходится и поборает зло And he saw that evil spreads, but does not conquer good. And good likewise spreads and conquers evil. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 558 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1886-09-15
Начал писать фальшивый купон. Пишу очень небрежно, но интересует меня тем, что выясняется новая форма, очень sobre. Began writing The Forged Coupon. I write very carelessly, but it interests me because a new form is taking shape, very sober. (working English) — PSS Tom 54, pp. 202 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1903-12-25
связь с крестьянской женщиной из нашей деревни, до моей женитьбы, — на это есть намек в моем рассказе «Дьявол». (working English) a liaison with a peasant woman of our village, before my marriage — there is a hint of it in my story ‘The Devil.’ — PSS Tom 27, pp. 714-728 · 1889-1909-the-devil
вспомнил Аксинью, то, что она жива, и, говорят, Ермил мой сын (working English) remembered Aksinya, that she is alive, and that, they say, Ermil is my son. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 714-728 · 1889-1909-the-devil
Я влюблен, как никогда в жизни. Нет другой мысли. Мучаюсь. (working English) I am in love as never before in my life. No other thought. I am tormented. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 15 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1858-05-13 (OS)
Имел Аксинью....; но она мне постыла. (working English) Had Aksinya…; but she has become repugnant to me. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 16 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1858-06-16 (OS)
Аксинью продолжаю видать исключительно. (working English) I continue to see Aksinya exclusively. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 21-22 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1859-10-09 (OS)
Уж не чувство оленя, а мужа к жене. (working English) No longer the feeling of a stag, but of a husband to his wife. — PSS Tom 48, pp. 25 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1860-05-26 (OS)
После обеда неожиданно стал писать историю Фредерикса. (working English) After dinner unexpectedly began writing the story of Frederiks. — PSS Tom 50, pp. 177 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1889-11-10 (OS)
две жизни представляются ему и два выхода. И наконец 3-й. Себя убить. (working English) two lives present themselves to him and two ways out. And finally a third: to kill himself. — PSS Tom 50, pp. 179-180 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1889-11-18 (OS)
И так до связи с крестьянкой Акс. — она жива. (working English) And so up to the liaison with the peasant woman Aks. — she is alive. — PSS Tom 56, pp. 173-174 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1908-07-09 (OS)
Просмотрел «Дьявола». Тяжело, неприятно. (working English) Read through ‘The Devil.’ Heavy, unpleasant. — PSS Tom 57, pp. 28-29 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1909-01-19 (OS)
у меня начаты еще другие художественные работы всё на тему половой любви (это секрет) (working English) I have also begun other artistic works, all on the theme of sexual love (this is a secret). — PSS Tom 65 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1890-01-17 (OS)
я назначил ей свиданье и пошел на него. (working English) I arranged an assignation with her and went toward it. — PSS Tom 85 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1884-07-24 (OS)
Иртенева нехорошо печатать, потому что мотив один и тот же, что в Отце Сергие. (working English) It is not good to publish Irtenev, because the motif is the same as in Father Sergius. — PSS Tom 88 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1898-07-14 (OS)
В числе многих отступлений этого учения от учения Христа я указывал на главное отступление, именно — на непризнание заповеди непротивления злу насилием (working English) Among the many departures of this [church] teaching from the teaching of Christ, I pointed to the chief departure — namely, the non-recognition of the commandment of non-resistance to evil by force. — PSS Tom 28, pp. 5 (Вступление) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
Написал предисловие к катехизису Балу. (working English) Wrote a preface to Ballou’s catechism. — PSS Tom 51, pp. 60 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890-07-08 (OS)
Вчера отослал совсем. (working English) Yesterday I sent it off for good. — PSS Tom 52, pp. 78 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1893-05-14 (OS)
вызвали во мне, вероятно так же как и во многих людях, сначала чувство комизма, потом недоумения, потом негодования (working English) [the Franco-Russian festivities] aroused in me, probably as in many people, first a feeling of the comic, then of bewilderment, then of indignation. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 27 (preface) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS, signed)
Я прожил полвека среди русского народа и в большой массе настоящего русского народа в продолжение всего этого времени ни разу не видал и не слышал проявления или выражения этого чувства патриотизма (working English) I have lived half a century among the Russian people, and in the great mass of the real Russian people, in all that time, I have not once seen or heard any manifestation or expression of this feeling of patriotism. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 55 (ch. X) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Написал Тулон и не посылаю. (working English) I have written Toulon and am not sending it. — PSS Tom 52, pp. 103–104 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-11-03 (OS; TEI file dated 1893-10-06 — filename-date artifact)
За всё это время писал Тулон и дней 5 тому назад кончил и решил не переводить и не печатать. И это облегчило меня. (working English) All this time I was writing Toulon, and finished it five days ago, and decided not to translate it and not to print it. And that relieved me. — PSS Tom 52, pp. 112–114 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-23 (OS; TEI file dated 1894-03-09 — filename-date artifact)
Всё тот же так называемый Тулон, в котором я был вовлечен в разъяснения вопроса «патриотизма», и это очень интересно и, мне думается, ново и нужно, т. е. доказательство лжи и вреда этого патриотизма. (working English) Still the same so-called Toulon, in which I was drawn into clarifying the question of ‘patriotism’ — and it is very interesting and, I think, new and necessary: the demonstration of the lie and harm of this patriotism. — PSS Tom 84, pp. 209–210 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-02-03 (OS)
Кончил Хаджи Мурата, который в неотделанном вполне виде отложил и при жизни не буду печатать (working English) Finished Hadji Murat, which, not fully polished, I’ve set aside and will not publish in my lifetime. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 583-629 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-10-11
Напомнил Хаджи-Мурата. Хочется написать. Отстаивает жизнь до последнего, и один среди всего поля, хоть как-нибудь, да отстоял ее. (working English) It reminded me of Hadji Murat. I want to write [it]. It defends its life to the last, and alone in the whole field, somehow or other, has held on to it. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 99-102 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-07-19
писал Хаджи Мурата, то с охотой, то с неохотой и стыдом. (working English) [I] have been writing Hadji Murat, now with eagerness, now with reluctance and shame. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 134-135 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-08-05
Искусство есть деятельность человеческая, состоящая в том, что один человек сознательно известными внешними знаками передает другим испытываемые им чувства, а другие люди заражаются этими чувствами и переживают их. (working English) Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one person consciously, by certain external signs, transmits to others feelings he has lived through, and other people are infected by these feelings and also experience them. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch V (pp. 27–203) · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
При этом еще должен заметить, что свои художественные произведения я причисляю к области дурного искусства, за исключением рассказа «Бог правду видит», желающего принадлежать к первому роду, и «Кавказского пленника», принадлежащего ко второму. (working English) I must also note that I assign my own artistic works to the domain of bad art, with the exception of the story God Sees the Truth [But Waits], which wishes to belong to the first kind, and A Prisoner of the Caucasus, which belongs to the second. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XVI (footnote) · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Пишу об искусстве, […] но эта работа отчасти, особенно теперь, ученая и не захватывающая, а на другие работы нет энергии. (working English) I am writing about art, but this work is partly — especially now — scholarly and not engaging, and I have no energy for other work. — PSS Tom 88, pp. letter to V. G. Chertkov, 12 Jan 1897 · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897-01-12
Почти пятнадцать лет тому назад перепись населения в Москве вызвала во мне ряд мыслей и чувств, которые я, как умел, выразил в книге, озаглавленной: «Что же нам делать?» (working English) Almost fifteen years ago the Moscow census aroused in me a series of thoughts and feelings which I expressed, as best I could, in a book entitled What Then Must We Do? — PSS Tom 34, pp. 146 (Introduction) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-06-28 (OS, signed)
Основная мысль, как той книги, так и этой статьи, — отрицание насилия. (working English) The basic thought, both of that book and of this article, is the negation of violence. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 146 (Introduction) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-06-28 (OS)
Невольничество отменяется, когда утверждается крепостное право. Крепостное право отменяется, когда земля отнята и подати установлены; теперь освобождают от податей, когда орудия труда отняты. (working English) Chattel slavery is abolished when serfdom is established. Serfdom is abolished when the land has been taken and taxes set; now they free men from taxes, once the tools of labour have been taken. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 10–11 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-03-13 (OS)
рассказал мне, что там грузчики работают 36 часов сряду. Я ездил туда и видел этих людей и эту работу и хочется рассказать то, что довелось думать об этом. (working English) [Afanasy ... now a weigher on the Kazan railway] told me that the loaders there work 36 hours at a stretch. I went there and saw these people and this work, and I want to tell what I came to think about it. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 188–189 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-01-02 (OS; editorial history dates it 31 Dec 1899)
Немного подвигаюсь в Николае Павловиче. Задумал три новые вещи. Умирать пора, а я задумываю. 1) Рассказ о бале и сквозь строй (working English) Making a little progress on Nikolai Pavlovich [Nicholas I, i.e. Hadji Murat]. Conceived three new things. It is time to die, and I am conceiving things. 1) A story about a ball and running the gauntlet. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 177 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903-06-09
Написал в один день Дочь и отец. Не дурно. Сказки кончил. (working English) Wrote “Daughter and Father” in one day. Not bad. Finished the tales. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 189 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903-08-09
За то «А вы говорите» недурно. (working English) On the other hand, “But You Say” is not bad. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 189 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903-08-20
Опять война. Опять никому не нужные, ничем не вызванные страдания, опять ложь, опять всеобщее одурение, озверение людей. Again war. Again sufferings that no one needs, utterly uncalled for; again fraud, again the universal stupefaction and brutalization of men. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
помнить, что прежде, чем я — Царь, кучер, городовой, я — человек. Это, только это одно я желал бы проповедовать всем людям. to remember that before I am Tsar, coachman, policeman, I am a human being. This, only this, is what I would wish to preach to all people. (working English) — PSS Tom 55, pp. 11–12 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-01-28
Я виноват, что тон, дух моей статьи недобрый, но смысл ее для меня несомненно истинен, и я буду повторять то же на смертном одре. I am at fault that the tone, the spirit of my article is unkind, but its meaning is, for me, undoubtedly true, and I will repeat the same on my deathbed. (working English) — PSS Tom 75, pp. 136–137 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-07-01
Вследствие извращения христианства жизнь христианских народов стала хуже языческой. Through the perversion of Christianity the life of Christian peoples has become worse than pagan. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
Начал писать статью. Об упадке, безверии и непротивлении. Не очень дурно, но слабо. Began writing an article. On decline, unbelief and non-resistance. Not very bad, but weak. (working English) — PSS Tom 56, pp. 93–94 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-01-20
взялся за другое, пока жив. [I have finished the article and] taken up something else, while I am still alive. (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-05-01
не будет тайн для одного, а тайны для двух, она будет всё читать. there will be no secrets for one, but secrets for two; she will read everything. (working English) — PSS Tom 48, pp. 45 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1862-09-15
отказаться от авторского права. to renounce the author’s right. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 14-18 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1895-03-27
это была Арсеньева Валерия. Она теперь жива, за Волковым была, живет в Париже. that was Arsenyeva, Valeria. She is alive now, was married to Volkov, lives in Paris. (working English) — PSS Tom 74, pp. 319 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1903-11-27
Ответ не может быть дан на вопрос, потому что он дурно поставлен. Вопрос не в том — устроить государство: по нынешнему, или по новому. Я и никто из нас не приставлен к решению этого вопроса. The answer cannot be given to the question, because it is badly posed. The question is not whether to arrange the state in the present way or in a new way. Neither I nor any of us is appointed to the solving of that question. (working English) — PSS Tom 52, pp. 138–140 · christian-anarchism · 1894-09-10
Мне кажется только, что я не анархист в смысле политического реформатора. В оглавлении вашей книги под словом «насилие» сделаны указания на разные страницы из других сочинений, но ни одной ссылки на мои. Не доказательство ли это того, что то учение, которое вы мне приписываете и которое, в сущности, есть не что иное, как учение Христа, вовсе не политическое, а религиозное учение? It seems to me only that I am not an anarchist in the sense of a political reformer. In the index of your book under the word ‘violence’ references are made to various pages of the other writers, but not one to mine. Is this not proof that the teaching which you ascribe to me, and which is, in essence, nothing other than the teaching of Christ, is not a political but a religious teaching? (working English) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 424–426 · christian-anarchism · 1900-08-01
я все-таки думаю, что бабизм, как нравственное и гуманитарное учение, имеет большое будущее в восточном мире. Имея много общего с христианским анархизмом, он должен рано или поздно с ним слиться. I still think that Babism, as a moral and humanitarian doctrine, has a great future in the eastern world. Having much in common with Christian anarchism, it must sooner or later merge with it. (working English) — PSS Tom 73, pp. 109–110 · christian-anarchism · 1901-07-28
Собственность, как она теперь — зло. А собственность сама по себе — радость на то, что тем, что я сделал, добро. […] Но собственность, ограждаемая насилием — городовым с пистолетом — это зло. Сделай ложку и ешь ею, но пока она другому не нужна. Property as it is now — is evil. Property in itself — is joy in the good one has made. […] But property defended by violence — by the policeman with a pistol — that is evil. Make a spoon and eat with it, but only until another needs it. (working English) — PSS Tom 49, pp. 59 · copyright-renunciation · 1883-01-01
И вчера же был разговор с женой о напечатании письма в газетах об отказе от права авторской собственности. Трудно вспомнить, а главное, описать всё, что тут было: [Вымарано 19 строк.] And yesterday too there was a conversation with my wife about printing in the newspapers the letter renouncing the right of literary property. It is difficult to recall, and chiefly to describe, everything that was said: [19 lines erased.] (working English) — PSS Tom 52, pp. 45–47 · copyright-renunciation · 1891-07-22
4) Право на издание моих сочинений прежних: десяти томов и азбуки прошу моих наследников передать обществу, т. е. отказаться от авторского права. Но только прошу об этом и никак не завещаю. […] То, что сочинения мои продавались эти последние 10 лет, было самым тяжелым для меня делом в жизни. 4) I ask my heirs to hand over to the public the right of publication of my earlier works — the ten volumes and the Azbuka — that is, to renounce the copyright. But I only ask this and in no way bequeath it. […] That my writings have been sold during these last ten years was the heaviest thing in my life. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 14–18 · copyright-renunciation · 1895-03-27
Предоставляю всем желающим право безвозмездно издавать в России и за границей, по-русски и в переводах, а равно и ставить на сценах все те из моих сочинений, которые были написаны мною с 1881 года и напечатаны в XII томе моих полных сочинений издания 1886 года, и в XIII томе, изданном в нынешнем 1891 году, равно и все мои неизданные в России и могущие вновь появиться после нынешнего дня сочинения. I grant to all who so wish the right to publish gratis, in Russia and abroad, in Russian and in translations, and likewise to perform on stage, all those of my writings which were written by me from 1881 onward and printed in vol. XII of my complete works of the 1886 edition, and in vol. XIII, published in this present year 1891, and likewise all my works unpublished in Russia and any that may newly appear after the present day. (working English) — PSS Tom 66, pp. 47–48 · copyright-renunciation · 1891-09-16
Так я жил, но пять лет тому назад со мною стало случаться что-то очень странное: на меня стали находить минуты сначала недоумения, остановки жизни, как будто я не знал, как мне жить, что мне делать, и я терялся и впадал в уныние. […] Эти остановки жизни выражались всегда одинаковыми вопросами: Зачем? Ну, а потом? So I lived, but five years ago something very strange began to happen to me: at first there came over me moments of bewilderment, of life coming to a stop, as though I did not know how to live or what to do, and I lost my footing and fell into dejection. […] These stoppages of life always expressed themselves in the same questions: Why? And then what? (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 10 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
Пять лет тому назад я поверил в учение Христа — и жизнь моя вдруг переменилась […] Со мной случилось то, что случается с человеком, который вышел за делом и вдруг дорогой решил, что дело это ему совсем не нужно,— и повернул домой. Five years ago I came to believe in Christ’s teaching — and my life suddenly changed […] What happened to me was what happens to a man who goes out on some errand and then suddenly decides on the way that the errand is of no use to him at all — and turns back home. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304 · TEI v23_304_465_V_chem_moja_vera · crisis · 1884
Я жил так года два, и со мной случился переворот, который давно готовился во мне и задатки которого всегда были во мне. Со мной случилось то, что жизнь нашего круга — богатых, ученых — не только опротивела мне, но потеряла всякий смысл. I lived like that for a couple of years, and there occurred in me an upheaval [переворот] that had long been preparing within me, and whose seeds had always been in me. What happened to me was that the life of our circle — the rich, the learned — not only grew repugnant to me, but lost all meaning. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 40 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
И я спасся от самоубийства. Когда и как совершился во мне этот переворот, я не мог бы сказать. […] так же постепенно, незаметно возвратилась ко мне эта сила жизни. И странно, что та сила жизни, которая возвратилась ко мне, была не новая, а самая старая, — та самая, которая влекла меня на первых порах моей жизни. And I was saved from suicide. When and how this upheaval [переворот] took place in me, I could not say. […] just as gradually, imperceptibly, the force of life returned to me. And it is strange that the force of life which returned to me was not a new one, but the very oldest — the same that had drawn me in the first days of my life. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 46 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
…я, к счастию, этого отчаяния никогда не знал с тех пор, как родился вновь […] то каждый, проходя эти возрасты, эти кризисы, не будет пугаться, а будет ждать следующего состояния, будет знать, что то же было и с другими. …I, fortunately, have never known this despair since I was born anew… so that everyone, passing through these ages, these crises, would not take fright, but would wait for the next state, knowing that the same was so for others. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 213–214 · TEI v67_214_L_F_Annenkovoj · crisis · 1894-09-04
Вы знаете, что Марья Петровна Фет при смерти — крупозное воспаление легких. До сих пор нет кризиса, и шансов смерти, говорят, больше, чем жизни. You know that Marya Petrovna Fet is dying — lobar pneumonia. So far there is no crisis, and the chances of death, they say, are greater than of life. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 84 · TEI v67_083_H_N_Straxovu · crisis · 1894-03-16
Русское государство выставило против духоборов все те орудия, которыми оно может бороться. Орудия эти: полицейские меры арестов, непозволения выезда из места жительства, запрещение общения друг с другом, перехватывание писем, шпионство, запрещение печатания в газетах сведений о всем, касающемся духоборов, клевета на них, печатаемая в журналах, подкупы, сечения, тюрьмы, ссылки, разорение семей. The Russian state brought against the Doukhobors every weapon it can fight with. These weapons are: police measures of arrest, prohibition of travel from one’s place of residence, the banning of communication with one another, the interception of letters, espionage, the suppression of newspaper reports of anything touching the Doukhobors, slander printed against them in the journals, bribery, floggings, prisons, exiles, the ruin of families. (working English) — PSS Tom 31, pp. 97–101 · doukhobors · 1898-08-15
После этого, 28 июня 1895 года, духоборцы, живущие в Ахалкалакском уезде Тифлисской губернии, снесли в одну кучу в поле, около села Спасского, всё свое имевшееся у них оружие и, обложив его дровами и углем и облив керосином, сожгли After this, on 28 June 1895, the Doukhobors living in the Akhalkalaki district of the Tiflis province carried all the weapons they had into a single heap in a field near the village of Spasskoye and, having piled wood and coal upon them and doused them with kerosene, burned them. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 209–215 · doukhobors · 1895-08-14
Но нынешнее русское правительство употребило против духоборов еще третий, казалось бы оставленный в наше время, выход из этого противоречия. Оно, кроме того, что подвергает самым тяжелым страданиям самих отказывающихся, заставляет еще систематически страдать отцов, матерей, детей отказывающихся, вероятно с тем, чтобы пытками этих невинных семей поколебать решимость несогласных их членов. But the present Russian government has used against the Doukhobors a third way out of this contradiction, one seemingly abandoned in our time. Besides subjecting the refusers themselves to the heaviest sufferings, it forces the fathers, mothers, and children of the refusers to suffer systematically as well — probably so as to shake the resolve of the dissenting members by the torture of these innocent families. (working English) — PSS Tom 71, pp. 322–327 · doukhobors · 1898-03-19
Я рад был случаю сказать ему и уяснить себе, что говорить о толстовстве, искать моего руководительства, спрашивать моего решения вопросов — большая и грубая ошибка. — Никакого толстовства и моего учения не было и нет, есть одно вечное, всеобщее, всемирное учение истины, для меня, для нас особенно ясно выраженное в евангелиях. I was glad of the chance to tell him, and to clarify for myself, that to speak of Tolstoyism, to seek my guidance, to ask me to decide questions — is a great and crude error. There was and is no Tolstoyism and no teaching of mine; there is one eternal, universal, world-wide teaching of truth, which for me, for us, is especially clearly expressed in the Gospels. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 167–169 · tolstoyanism · 1897-12-02
Вы вот пишете о «толстовцах» и других моих последователях, о движении, поднятом моей проповедью, и о том, почему толстовцы проявляют мало рвения к пропаганде мыслей, которые осчастливят человечество; а я не знаю не только каких-либо других последователей, но и толстовцев You write about ‘the Tolstoyans’ and my other followers, about the movement raised by my preaching, and about why the Tolstoyans show so little zeal in propagating the ideas that would make mankind happy; but I know of no other followers, nor of any Tolstoyans. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 225–227 · tolstoyanism · 1894-09-22
православные не любят толстовцев, а толстовцы не любят православных. В этом вы, я думаю, ошибаетесь, во-первых, в том, что признаете каких-то толстовцев. Что же до меня касается, то хотя я и сам Толстой [you say that] the Orthodox do not love the Tolstoyans, and the Tolstoyans do not love the Orthodox. In this, I think, you are mistaken — first of all, in that you acknowledge some sort of Tolstoyans. As for myself, though I am Tolstoy myself… (working English) — PSS Tom 80, pp. 50–53 · tolstoyanism · 1909-08-04
Visuals: 55 (47 usable) — Leo Tolstoy, c. 1880–1886 [PD], Leo Tolstoy (Kramskoy portrait, 1873) [PD], Portrait of Lev Tolstoy (Kramskoy, 1873) [PD], Portrait of Lev Tolstoy (Repin, 1887) [PD], Tolstoy mowing (Repin sketch, 1880–1881) [PD], Autograph manuscript(s) of В чём моя вера?, 1882–84 (20 witnesses in the apparatus) [unknown], Leo Tolstoy, arms crossed (Scherer & Nabholz studio) [PD], Count Leo Tolstoy, half-length [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 1887 (Шерер и Набгольц) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, half-length, c. 1880 (LCCN) [PD], Ilya Repin — Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, group photograph, 1892 [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 1888 photograph [PD], Tolstoy with daughter Tatyana, Yasnaya Polyana (1902) [PD], Tolstoy and Sofia at Gaspra, Crimea (May 1902) [PD], Tolstoy, studio portrait (1902, composition restart) [PD], Further PD Tolstoy photos (vegetarian breakfast 1902; Appleton’s ≤1905; 1906; Bulla 1908) [PD], Tolstoy, colour photograph (Prokudin-Gorsky, 1908) [PD], Tolstoy at work at his desk, Yasnaya Polyana [PD], Tolstoy resting in a wood [PD], Tolstoy and Sofia Tolstaya, 1910 [PD], Autograph manuscript of The Devil (and the variant-ending autograph) [rights-reserved], Tolstoy organising famine relief, 1891 [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 1892 [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 1897 (composition years) [PD], Tolstoy and Sofia Tolstaya at Yasnaya Polyana (c.1890) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, studio portrait, 1892 (André & Sloss) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, bust portrait, 1896 (Scherer, Nabholz & Co., Moscow) [PD], The Christian Teaching — 1898 first-edition title page (US co-edition: Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York; ‘translated by V. Tchertkoff’) [PD], Manuscript of «Христианское учение» — 2154 leaves, 115 redactions [unknown], The 1851 daguerreotype of young Tolstoy in Caucasus uniform [unknown], Leo Tolstoy, aged 69 (1897), within the writing window [PD], Tolstoy with Maxim Gorky at Yasnaya Polyana, 1900 (photo: S. A. Tolstaya) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, oil portrait by I. S. Kazakov, Odessa 1900 (the composition year) [PD], Tolstoy with Dr Dušan Makovický, c. 1900 (photo: V. Chertkov) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 1906 [PD], Yasnaya Polyana — where the story was written, Aug 1903 [CC0], Leo Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, 1905 [PD], Leo Tolstoy, c. 1905 (age 75) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 80th birthday, Yasnaya Polyana, 23 May 1908 [PD], Leo Tolstoy with his daughter Alexandra Tolstaya, Yasnaya Polyana, 1908 [PD], Leo Tolstoy on horseback near Yasnaya Polyana, 1908 (K. Bulla) [PD], PSS Tom 37 p. 149 — the treatise’s opening page (title, Mt X,28 epigraph, four aphorisms, Preface) [PD], 1895 testament, PSS Tom 53 [PD], Diary for myself alone, Oct 1910, PSS Tom 58 [PD], Yasnaya Polyana main house [PD], Diary page, 27 March 1895 (the will-as-diary-entry) [rights-reserved], Leo Tolstoy, 1906 (photograph by V. G. Chertkov) [PD], Manuscript / draft page of Исповедь (A Confession) [rights-reserved], Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (oil), Ivan Kramskoy, 1873 [PD], PSS Tom 23, p. 40 — the «случился переворот» passage of A Confession [PD], Photographic portraits of Tolstoy, c. 1878–1885 (crisis years) [unknown], Tolstoy Digital timeline cards (work on A Confession #175; banning of A Confession #192; Optina Pustyn with Strakhov #166; first acquaintance with Chertkov #198) [unknown], Leo Tolstoy, 1895 — the year of the Burning of Arms [PD], Leo Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, colour photograph, 1908 [PD]
Leonid Urusov
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1890-1898-father-sergius · names: L. D. Urusov / Prince L. D. Urusov
1879-1882-a-confession: Vice-governor of Tula, close friend; translated «Исповедь» into French for Revue nouvelle; Tolstoy’s confidant on censorship; recipient of the 1885 letter accepting the title «Исповедь». 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Tula vice-governor and friend; first translator of the work — the French «Ma religion» (Paris 1885), reviewed and hand-corrected by Tolstoy; met E.-M. de Vogüé in Paris over it. 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Tula vice-governor and confidant; addressee of the artistic-programme letter 1890-1898-father-sergius: Tula vice-governor; named prototype (with Kuzminsky) for Sergius’s character.
описаніе простой смерти простого человѣка (working English) a description of the simple death of a simple man, describing it from within him. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 282–283 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1885-08-20 (OS, approx.)
Большое самолюбие ( Кузмннский и Урусов ), честолюбие и потребность безукоризненности. (working English) Great self-love (Kuzminsky and Urusov), ambition, and a need for impeccability. — PSS Tom 51, pp. 98-101 · 1890-1898-father-sergius · 1890-10-31
Leonid Zvezdintsev (The Fruits of Enlightenment)
character · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The retired-officer landowner, master of the house, devout believer in spiritualism, who lavishes money on séances while refusing the peasants land; the séance “spirits” he trusts command him to sign the deed.
вертит блюдечко о земле крестьянам. Самарин неверующий. (working English) “[Lvov] spins the saucer about the peasants’ land. Samarin the unbeliever.” (The first plan of the comedy, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 433 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
Звездинцев и Сахатов, прототипами для которых послужили Н. А. Львов и П. Ф. Самарин. ... фамилия профессора звучала сначала Кутлер, затем Кутлеров, т. е. созвучно с фамилией знаменитого химика и в то же время спирита академика и профессора — А. М. Бутлерова (working English) “...Zvezdintsev and Sakhatov, whose prototypes were N. A. Lvov and P. F. Samarin. ...the professor’s surname sounded at first Kutler, then Kutlerov — i.e. consonant with the surname of the famous chemist and at the same time spiritualist, academician and professor A. M. Butlerov.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 655 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Тем более, что лицом он очень похож на Юма. Вы помните Юма? — белокурый, наивный. (working English) “All the more so as in face he much resembles Home. You remember Home? — fair-haired, naïve.” (Leonid Fyodorovich, declaring the peasant-lad Semyon a medium, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~106 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Но мы и не требуем веры. Мы требуем исследованья. (working English) “But we do not require faith. We require investigation.” (Leonid Fyodorovich Zvezdintsev to the sceptic Sakhatov, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~118 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Оказывается что землю-то надо уступить крестьянам на их условиях. (working English) “It turns out the land must be ceded to the peasants on their terms.” (Leonid Fyodorovich to Fyodor Ivanych, after the séance, Act 3.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~228 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Leonila Annenkova
person · missing · dives: crisis
crisis: correspondent; recipient of the ‘эти кризисы / родился вновь’ letter (1894)
…я, к счастию, этого отчаяния никогда не знал с тех пор, как родился вновь […] то каждый, проходя эти возрасты, эти кризисы, не будет пугаться, а будет ждать следующего состояния, будет знать, что то же было и с другими. …I, fortunately, have never known this despair since I was born anew… so that everyone, passing through these ages, these crises, would not take fright, but would wait for the next state, knowing that the same was so for others. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 213–214 · TEI v67_214_L_F_Annenkovoj · crisis · 1894-09-04
Lev Lvovich Tolstoy
person · stub · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: Son; addressee of the 19 Jan 1904 letter mentioning work on the coupon.
если помнишь, я давно начал, и дополнение о религии I am also writing The Forged Coupon — you remember, I began it long ago — and a supplement on religion. (working English) — PSS Tom 75, pp. 13–15 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1904-01-19
Lev Nikiforov
person · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Translator of the Posrednik Maupassant edition; requested the preface from Tolstoy (Jan 1893).
Из этих трех условий: 1) правильного, т. е. нравственного, отношения автора к предмету, 2) ясности изложения или красоты формы, что одно и то же, и 3) искренности, т. е. непритворного чувства любви или ненависти к тому, что изображает художник, из этих трех условий Мопассан обладал только двумя последними и был совершенно лишен первого. (working English) Of these three conditions — (1) a correct, i.e. moral, relation of the author to the subject; (2) clarity of exposition, or beauty of form, which is one and the same; and (3) sincerity, i.e. an unfeigned feeling of love or hatred toward what the artist depicts — of these three conditions Maupassant possessed only the last two, and was entirely deprived of the first. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Light of reason
concept · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: Tolstoy’s signature equation light = reason (разумение); the spine of the light axis
И перед светом разума всё прежнее объяснение разлетелось прахом. And before the light of reason all the former explanation scattered to dust. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 1–59 · fire-metaphor · 1882
в человеке живет божественный свет, сошедший с неба, и свет этот есть разум, — и что ему одному надо служить и в нем одном искать благо. in man there lives a divine light, come down from heaven, and this light is reason — and that it alone must be served and in it alone must good be sought. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304–465 · fire-metaphor · 1884
9) Φῶς — свет — по всем контекстам означает истинное разумение жизни. 9) Φῶς — light — in all contexts means the true reason/understanding of life. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
свет солнца разума есть только незначущая случайность, сентиментальные, мистические слова. the light of the sun of reason is only an insignificant accident — sentimental, mystical words — so it appears to those not yet awake to it. (working English) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 313–442 · fire-metaphor · 1887
Liza Protasova
character · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: principal — Fedya’s wife
послуживших прототипами Федора Васильевича и Елизаветы Андреевны Протасовых (working English) “…[N. S. and E. P. Gimer], who served as the prototypes of Fyodor Vasilyevich and Elizaveta Andreevna Protasov.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Love (On Life)
concept · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: Love as the one rational activity left to man once reason has shown the impossibility of the personality’s good — defined as self-sacrifice, not preference; the abolition of the contradiction between selves; «жив только тот, кто любит».
Любовь есть единственная разумная деятельность человека. (working English) Love is the only rational activity of man. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 381 (гл. XXII) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
И нет иной любви, как той, чтобы положить душу свою за други свои. Любовь — только тогда любовь, когда она есть жертва собой. (working English) And there is no other love than to lay down one’s soul for one’s friends. Love is love only when it is the sacrifice of oneself. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 392 (гл. XXV) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Жив только тот, кто любит. (working English) Only he who loves is alive. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 392 (гл. XXV) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Lubok
concept · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: The commercial cheap-print idiom (Sytin’s core business) that Posrednik adopted as format and price-point while replacing its content — and later tried to reform wholesale (E24).
Книжки Сытинских изданий большие — так называемые романы все разосланы желавшим заняться их переделкой (working English) The large Sytin booklets — the so-called novels — have all been sent out to those who wished to undertake their reworking. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1887-03 OS
Еще написал маленький рассказец, я думаю для картинки с текстом. (working English) I have also written a little story — I think for a picture with text. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-03-25/26 OS
Lyapinsky house
place · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Free night-shelter (ночлежный дом) in central Moscow named for the Lyapin brothers; the scene of a thousand homeless waiting in the frost that crystallized the book’s opening crisis (ch. II and the census appeal).
Приди один человек в сумерки к Ляпинскому ночлежному дому, когда 1000 человек раздетых и голодных ждут на морозе впуска в дом, и постарайся этот один человек помочь им, и у него сердце обольется кровью, и он с отчаянием и злобой на людей убежит оттуда; а придите на эту тысячу человек еще тысяча человек с желанием помочь, и дело окажется легким и радостным. (working English) Let one person come at dusk to the Lyapinsky night-shelter, when a thousand undressed and hungry people wait in the frost for admission, and let that one try to help them, and his heart will pour out blood, and he will run away in despair and anger at people; but let another thousand come to that thousand with the wish to help, and the task will prove light and joyful. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 181 (close) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882-01 (OS)
есть преступление, не один раз совершенное, но постоянно совершающееся, и что я, с своей роскошью, не только попуститель, но прямой участник его. (working English) [it] is a crime, committed not once but constantly committed, and that I, with my luxury, am not only its condoner but its direct participant. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. II (the Lyapinsky house) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — The Lyapinsky free night-shelter, Moscow [unknown]
Lyubov Gurevich
person · missing · dives: 1894-1895-master-and-man, art-aesthetics-satellites · names: Lyubov Yakovlevna Gurevich / Lyubov Gurevich
1894-1895-master-and-man: Editor and co-owner of Severny Vestnik (1866–1940), to whose journal Tolstoy gave the story gratis; the (innocent) focus of S. A. Tolstaya’s jealousy crisis; published it in the March 1895 issue. art-aesthetics-satellites: Publisher of «Северный вестник»; requested the Carpenter preface (25 April 1897).
почти безумный припадок (working English) an almost insane fit [of jealousy of Gurevich]… She was close to suicide — PSS Tom 68, pp. 32-33 · 1894-1895-master-and-man · 1895-02-14
распространено и укоренилось суеверие, по которому считается, что для блага человечества совсем не нужно распространение истинных религиозных и нравственных знаний, а нужно только изучение опытных наук (working English) [in Russian society there is] spread and rooted the superstition that for the good of mankind there is no need at all to spread true religious and moral knowledge, but only to study the experimental sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — L. Ya. Gurevich, editor of Severny Vestnik (GRW, 1901) [PD]
Mahin (The Forged Coupon)
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The schoolboy who teaches the forgery and later, as investigator, carries Stepan’s redemption-story outward — a single node serving both chains.
— Оттого что понял, что все люди братья. — Because I understood that all men are brothers. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 39 (Part II ch VI) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
Main Administration for Press Affairs
institution · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The imperial censorship body (under E. M. Feoktistov) that, after Alexander III’s ruling, banned the comedy from the public stage (circular 28 Apr 1890) while permitting amateur performance — the same apparatus that handled The Power of Darkness and The Kreutzer Sonata. 1886-the-power-of-darkness: The imperial censorship body (under Feoktistov) that banned the stage and permitted the print; the same apparatus that suppressed Tolstoy’s treatises.
эту пьесу неудобною для сцены, на любительских же театрах она может быть разрешена (working English) “[His Majesty is pleased to find] this play unsuitable for the [public] stage, but on amateur theatres it may be permitted.” (Alexander III’s resolution, in Minister Durnovo’s hand, on the report of 26 April 1890 [OS].) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 667 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-04-26
Надо иметь железные нервы, чтобы вынести всё это (working English) “One must have iron nerves to bear all this.” (E. M. Feoktistov, head of the Press Affairs directorate, to S. A. Tolstaya, 9 Jan 1887.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 712 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01-09
Makovkina
character · missing · dives: 1890-1898-father-sergius
1890-1898-father-sergius: Principal — the divorcée who wagers she can seduce the hermit; provokes the finger-cutting; later takes vows.
положил указательный палец левой руки на чурбан, взмахнул топором и ударил по нем ниже второго сустава. (working English) laid the index finger of his left hand on the chopping-block, swung the axe, and struck below the second joint. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. V) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
Maria Semyonovna
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The non-resisting widow whose death is the structural hinge — the absorbing force that stops the chain of evil.
но она не подняла рук, не противилась и только прижала их к груди и тяжело вздохнула but she did not raise her hands, did not resist, and only pressed them to her breast and sighed heavily. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 32 (ch XXIII) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
Пожалей себя. Чужие души, а пуще свою губишь Have pity on yourself. You destroy others’ souls, and your own still more. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 32 (ch XXIII) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
Как хороша могла бы быть история об убийце, раскаявшемся на незащищавшейся женщине. How fine the story of a murderer who repents over an undefended woman could be. (working English) — PSS Tom 50, pp. 86–87 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1889-05-29
Maria Tolstaya
person · stub · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1905-the-great-sin · names: M. L. Tolstaya / Maria Tolstaya / Maria Lvovna Obolenskaya / Maria Lvovna Tolstaya / M. L. Tolstaya (Maria Lvovna) / Maria Lvovna Obolenskaya (Tolstaya)
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Tolstoy’s daughter; played the cook at the 30 Dec 1889 première “remarkably well” (Tolstoy to Biryukov). 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Daughter; the master copyist — the copy from which the vast majority of underground lists descend. 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: Daughter; copyist of the manuscript, dated its covers (the 19 work-sessions of Dec 1903 – Feb 1904). 1889-1909-the-devil: Tolstoy’s daughter (1871–1906), later Obolenskaya. Connects the genesis network via her 1897 marriage to N. L. Obolensky. (Existing page is the daughter — confirm against the sister M. N. Tolstaya; see Father Sergius disambig.) 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Tolstoy’s daughter (1871–1906); a principal copyist of the treatise, whose hand dates many of the early manuscripts and obloжки. She also relayed the manuscript and letters to Chertkov on her father’s behalf. 1890-1898-father-sergius: Tolstoy’s daughter; copied the manuscripts (her hand dates the 1891 redaction). NOTE: the existing ‘Maria Tolstaya’ page may be the sister (Maria Nikolaevna) — disambiguation needed. 1894-1895-master-and-man: Tolstoy’s daughter (1871–1906); principal copyist of the redactions (рук. 3–10), dating several in her own hand. 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Daughter; copyist and the hand that dated the manuscripts (incl. «5 окт. 1896» on рук. №113). DISAMBIGUATION NEEDED — confirm the existing ‘Maria Tolstaya.md’ is the daughter (Maria Lvovna), not the sister (Maria Nikolaevna). See needsReview. 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Daughter (M. L. Obolenskaya); composition-window correspondent — recipient of the ‘more and more venomous’ letter (11 Jul 1900) 1905-the-great-sin: Daughter; copied the final text for sending to Русская мысль (per Makovitsky, 1 July 1905). DISAMBIGUATION NEEDED — confirm the existing ‘Maria Tolstaya.md’ is the daughter Maria Lvovna (m. Obolenskaya), not the sister Maria Nikolaevna. Same caution as the Christian Teaching dive. See needsReview.
М. Л. Толстую — кухарку, А. М. Новикова — буфетчика Якова, С. А. Лопухина — Звездинцева, С. Э. Мамонову — толстую барыню, Н. В. Давыдова — профессора Кругосветлова, Т. Л. Толстую — Таню (working English) “...M. L. Tolstaya as the cook, A. M. Novikov as the butler Yakov, S. A. Lopukhin as Zvezdintsev, S. E. Mamonova as the fat lady, N. V. Davydov as Professor Krugosvetlov, T. L. Tolstaya as Tanya.” (Editorial commentary, the 30 Dec 1889 cast.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 661 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-30
Делали с спокойной совестью в усиленной мере то самое, что осмеивается комедией. Маша играла кухарку необыкновенно хорошо (working English) “With clear consciences we were doing, in heightened measure, the very thing the comedy ridicules. Masha played the cook remarkably well.” (To P. I. Biryukov, 31 December 1889.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 484 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-31
Эта редакция распространилась в многочисленных списках и литографированных и гектографированных изданиях и стала достоянием широких читательских кругов. (working English) This redaction spread in numerous copies and in lithographed and hectographed editions and became the property of wide reading circles. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Вчера начал поправлять и продолжать Фальшивый купон. Yesterday I began correcting and continuing The Forged Coupon. (working English) — PSS Tom 54, pp. 145 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1902-10-06
2154 лл. 2154 leaves — PSS commentary (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 246 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
Я все переделывал свою статью, которую думал, что кончил. И теперь еще поправляю и все делаю ее ядовитее и ядовитее. (working English) I kept reworking my article, which I thought I had finished. And I am still correcting it, and making it more and more venomous. — PSS Tom 72, pp. 407–409 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-07-11 (OS)
с редакционным примечанием, оговаривающим расхождение редакции с автором по существенным и важным вопросам with an editorial note specifying the editors’ divergence from the author on substantial and important questions — PSS commentary (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 664 · 1905-the-great-sin
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — Draft manuscripts of «Царство божие внутри вас» (AЧ 19–35) [unknown]
Marian Zdziechowski
person · missing · dives: christian
christian: Polish scholar; recipient of ‘I try to be a Christian’
⁹ В данном случае, например, я, не будучи поляком, поспорю с каждым поляком в степени отвращения, негодования к тем диким и глупым мерам русских правительственных лиц, которые употребляются против веры и языка поляков; поспорю, и в желании противодействовать этим мерам, и не потому, что я люблю католичество больше, чем другие веры, или польский язык больше, чем другие языки, а потому, что я стараюсь быть христианином. И потому, для того чтобы ничего подобного не было ни в Польше, ни в Эльзасе, ни в Чехии, нужно не распространение патриотизма, а распространение истинного христианства. ...not because I love Catholicism more than other faiths, or the Polish language more than other languages, but because I try to be a Christian. And therefore... what is needed is the spread of true Christianity. (working English) — PSS Tom 68, pp. 165–173 · christian · 1895-09-10
Mary (Father Sergius)
character · missing · dives: 1890-1898-father-sergius
1890-1898-father-sergius: Secondary (backstory) — the fiancée, former mistress of Nicholas I, whose confession breaks Kasatsky.
была за год тому назад любовницей Николая Павловича (working English) had been, a year before, the mistress of Nikolai Pavlovich — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. II) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
Marya (Father Sergius)
character · missing · dives: 1890-1898-father-sergius
1890-1898-father-sergius: Secondary but pivotal — the feeble-minded daughter with whom Sergius falls; in the early redaction his murder victim.
взмахнув топором, ударил ее вдоль головы ниже темени (working English) swinging the axe, struck her along the head below the crown — PSS Tom 31, pp. 203-210 (variant № 7) · 1890-1898-father-sergius · 1891
Masha (The Living Corpse)
character · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: principal — the gypsy singer Fedya loves; proposes the fake suicide
Это степь, это десятый век, это не свобода, а воля. (working English) “This is the steppe, this is the tenth century, this is not freedom but boundless will (volya).” (Fedya at the gypsies, Act I, picture 2.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~12 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
Рахманов взял да и сделал вид, что он утопился. (working English) “…[that fellow] Rakhmanov went and pretended he had drowned.” (Masha, proposing the fake suicide to Fedya, Act IV — misremembering the name from Chernyshevsky’s What Is to Be Done?.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~62 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
Matryona (The Power of Darkness)
character · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Nikita’s mother (orig. Katerina, “a cunning witch”); supplies the poison and rationalises every sin. Tolstoy’s hardest-worked role linguistically (folk proverbs).
О-ох! И рад бы не грешить, а что сделаешь? (working English) “Oh-oh! Glad enough not to sin, but what can you do?” (Matryona, on the cellar step, Act 4.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~233 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Maxim Gorky
person · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1890-1898-father-sergius
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: Visited (with the publisher Pyatnitsky) on 5 Oct 1902, the day before Tolstoy resumed the coupon. 1890-1898-father-sergius: Heard Tolstoy tell the plot at Yasnaya Polyana, Oct 1900.
Вчера начал поправлять и продолжать Фальшивый купон. Yesterday I began correcting and continuing The Forged Coupon. (working English) — PSS Tom 54, pp. 145 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1902-10-06
Metanoia
concept · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: The Greek μετανοεῖτε of the title, glossed “bethink yourselves” rather than “repent”: the individual turning-back of conscience that is the essay’s whole remedy.
Христос говорил: одумайтесь, т. е. каждый человек остановись в своей начатой деятельности и спроси себя: кто ты? откуда ты взялся и в чем твое назначение? Christ said: bethink yourselves — that is, let each person stop in the activity he has begun and ask himself: who are you? where did you come from, and what is your purpose? (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Две тысячи лет тому назад Иоанн Креститель и за ним Христос говорили людям: «исполнилось время и приблизилось царство Божие, одумайтесь (μετανοειτε) и веруйте в Евангелие» (Марка I, 15). Two thousand years ago John the Baptist, and after him Christ, said to men: “the time is fulfilled and the Kingdom of God is at hand; bethink yourselves (μετανοειτε) and believe in the Gospel” (Mark I, 15). (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov)
person · missing · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: Metropolitan of Moscow (1782–1867); author of the «Пространный христианский катехизис» (the standard Orthodox catechism) that Tolstoy read and examined alongside Makary’s dogmatics, and which the work’s first draft began by analysing before turning to Makary.
Самая позднейшая и полнейшая и пользующаяся наибольшим распространением из этих изложений есть Богословие Макария, и потому я для разбора избрал его. (working English) The latest and fullest and most widely circulated of these expositions is Makary’s Theology, and therefore I chose it for analysis. — PSS Tom 23, pp. 61 (Вступление) · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1879–1880
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov), 1782–1867 [PD]
Metropolitan Makary (Bulgakov)
person · missing · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: Mikhail Petrovich Bulgakov (1816–1882), Metropolitan of Moscow from 1879; the foremost Russian systematic theologian of the 19th c. His «Православно-догматическое богословие» (the standard Orthodox dogmatics, awarded the Demidov Prize in 1854) is the representative text Tolstoy examines and demolishes chapter by chapter throughout the work — the book’s principal interlocutor and antagonist.
Самая позднейшая и полнейшая и пользующаяся наибольшим распространением из этих изложений есть Богословие Макария, и потому я для разбора избрал его. (working English) The latest and fullest and most widely circulated of these expositions is Makary’s Theology, and therefore I chose it for analysis. — PSS Tom 23, pp. 61 (Вступление) · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1879–1880
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Metropolitan Makary (Bulgakov), 1816–1882 [PD]
Mikhail Elpidin
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, gospel-translation · names: M. K. Elpidin / Mikhail Elpidin (М. К. Эльпидин)
1879-1882-a-confession: Émigré publisher in Geneva; the first separate edition of «Исповедь» (1884), where the title first appears in print. gospel-translation: Geneva émigré publisher; the censored full harmony first appeared abroad through this network (1892–94, per scholarship — confirm)
It is at Count Tolstoy’s express wish that I have undertaken the translation of his book on the Gospels. [...] owing to the impossibility of its being published in Russia, the Genevan edition is disfigured by numerous typographical mistakes. — gospel-translation · 1894-09-21
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — The censored Geneva (Elpidin) first edition of the Russian harmony [unknown]
Mikhail Engelhardt
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe
1879-1882-a-confession: Young radical and addressee of Tolstoy’s longest epistolary statement of the new doctrine (the ‘five commandments’ letter). 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Young correspondent whose Dec 1882/Jan 1883 letter (‘what to do? how to realize the gospel teaching?’) triggered the work; he also forwarded the Aksakov–Engelhardt correspondence Tolstoy cites in ch. IV. Tolstoy’s long reply (PSS Tom 63 letter no. 140, v63_140) states the five commandments outright and seeds the genesis.
значение его в том, чтобы найти смысл жизни в этом мире. Исполнение пяти заповедей дает этот смысл. (working English) its significance is in finding the meaning of life in this world. Fulfilment of the five commandments gives that meaning. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 112–128 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1882-12 (OS)
1) Не сердись; 2) Не блядуй; 3) Не клянись; 4) Не судись и 5) Не воюй. Воть в чем для меня сущность учения Христа. (working English) 1) Do not be angry; 2) Do not fornicate; 3) Do not swear oaths; 4) Do not go to law; 5) Do not make war. That is the essence of Christ’s teaching for me. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 112–128 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1882-12-20 – 1883-01-20 (OS)
коротенькая 3-я заповедь ( Матф. 5, 38, 39) не противиться злу, т. е. злом не отвечать на зло — есть не скажу главное, но есть смыкающее звено всего учения (working English) the brief third commandment (Matt. 5:38, 39) — resist not evil, i.e. do not answer evil with evil — is, I won’t say the main thing, but the linking link of the whole teaching. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 112–128 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1882-12-20 – 1883-01-20 (OS)
Mikhail Lentovsky
person · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: Director of the Moscow people’s theatre Skomorokh; his 31 Aug 1886 appeal for Tolstoy’s support prompted the play, written for his stage.
Так как с самого начала работы над пьесой Толстой предназначал ее для постановки на сцене народного театра (working English) “Since from the very beginning of work on the play Tolstoy intended it for staging on the people’s-theatre stage...” — PSS Tom 26, pp. 708 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Mikhail Novikov
person · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: Tula peasant, friend and correspondent of Tolstoy. His two letters (27–28 Apr 1904) on being called up are quoted at length in chapter XII (the “where can one escape to?” reservist material).
«Куда же денешься?» Вот точное выражение того душевного состояния, которое в официальном и газетном мире переводится словами: «За веру, царя и отечество». “Where can one escape to?” That is the exact expression of the state of mind that the official and newspaper world translates into the words: “For Faith, Tsar, and Fatherland.” (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Mikhail Stakhovich
person · missing · dives: break-with-the-church, tolstoyanism · names: Mikhail Stakhovich / Mikhail Aleksandrovich Stakhovich
break-with-the-church: Marshal of the Oryol nobility; his September 1901 speech to the Oryol missionary congress calling for freedom of conscience occasioned «О веротерпимости» and a Russia-wide controversy. tolstoyanism: Oryol marshal of the nobility, Duma politician and friend of the Tolstoy family; addressee of the 1907 New-Year letter in which the ‘ridicule of Tolstoyism’ appears.
по самому определению своему, церковь не может быть веротерпима (working English) by its very definition, the church cannot be tolerant. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 291–298 · break-with-the-church · 1902-01-10
сказал бы, не есть мяса, если бы не боялся ridicul’a⁴ толстовства [I] would say, eat no meat — were I not afraid of the ridicule of Tolstoyism. (working English) — PSS Tom 77, pp. 5–6 · tolstoyanism · 1907-01-01
Mikhail Vorontsov
person · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat
1896-1904-hadji-murat: Viceroy of the Caucasus (from 1844); receives Hadji Murat’s surrender in the novel. Tolstoy researched him heavily (the Vorontsov–Chernyshov correspondence, the Alupka portraits) and had personally met him.
Теперь же я занят окончанием давно начатого и всё разрастающегося одного эпизода из кавказской истории 1851, 52 годов. (working English) I am now occupied with finishing a long-begun and ever-expanding episode from Caucasian history of 1851–52. — PSS Tom 73 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-08-20
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Prince M. S. Vorontsov, portrait by George Dawe, 1820s [PD]
Mitrich (The Power of Darkness)
character · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: A retired soldier and reformed drunkard; added late (Dec 1886) and developed in the variant Act 4, where he comforts little Anyutka. Tolstoy gave him “the function of the chorus of ancient Greek tragedy.”
четвертый акт слишком реалистичен и потому для исполнения на сцене мало пригоден, решил написать вариант последних четырех явлений этого действия. Работа над ним происходила в декабре 1886 г. (working English) “...the fourth act was too realistic and therefore little suited for stage performance, [so he] decided to write a variant of the last four scenes of that act. Work on it took place in December 1886.” — PSS Tom 26, pp. 709 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886-12
Вашей сестры в России большие миллионы, а все как кроты слепые, — ничего не знаете. (working English) “There are great millions of your sisters in Russia, and all like blind moles — you know nothing.” (Mitrich to little Anyutka, variant Act 4.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~217 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Mitrofan Shchepkin
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Moscow Duma member and economist; attendee of the founding meetings; the «Речь о народных изданиях» autograph survived in his archive.
Дело это, по моему, самое важное в мире, которому только может разумный человек посвятить свои силы. Дело — в духовном общении людей. Дело в распространении света истины. Дело — в единении людей около единой истины. (working English) This work is, in my view, the most important in the world to which a rational man can devote his powers. The work is the spiritual communion of people. The work is the spreading of the light of truth. The work is the uniting of people around a single truth. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 523–529 · stories-for-the-people · 1883-12/1884-02 approx
Mitya Smokovnikov
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The schoolboy who alters the coupon (the first deed) and, at the broken-off end, is reconciled — the chain closing on itself.
А я тебе скажу, что если ты так поведешь себя, ты будешь мошенник. And I tell you that if you behave like this, you’ll be a swindler. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 5–6 (ch I) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
Mohandas Gandhi
person · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: The reception. Read the letter in London 1909, sought Tolstoy’s permission, reprinted it in «Indian Opinion» (1909–10) with his own preface, translated it into Gujarati on the voyage on which he wrote «Hind Swaraj». The 1909–10 correspondence (3 Tolstoy letters here) fed his satyagraha. Named “M. Gandi (Mohandas Gandhi)” in the PSS letter titles.
На английском языке письмо впервые было напечатано в журнале М. Ганди «Indian opinion» 1910, январь. In English the letter was first printed in M. Gandhi’s journal «Indian Opinion», January 1910. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 444–446 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1910-01
Письмо к индусу писано мною. […] Перевод очен хорош. The letter to a Hindu was written by me, and the translation is a very good one. (Tolstoy’s own English, in the same letter) — PSS Tom 80, pp. 110–112 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1909-09-25 / 1909-10-07
Слово reincarnation […] мне бы не хотелось исключать, потому что, по моему мнению, вера в reincarnation никогда не может быть так тверда, как вера в неумираемость души и в справедливость и любовь бога. As to the word reincarnation, I should not myself like to omit it, for, in my opinion, belief in reincarnation can never be as firm as belief in the soul’s immortality and in God’s justice and love. (Tolstoy’s own English, in the same letter) — PSS Tom 80, pp. 110–112 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1909-09-25 / 1909-10-07
Та же борьба мягкого против жесткого, смирения и любви против гордости и насилия с каждым годом всё более и более проявляется и у нас, в особенности в одном из самых резких столкновений закона религиозного с законом мирским — в отказах от военной службы. That same struggle of the tender against the harsh, of meekness and love against pride and violence, is every year making itself more and more felt here among us also, especially in one of the very sharpest of the conflicts of the religious law with the worldly laws — in refusals of military service. (Tolstoy’s own English, in the same letter) — PSS Tom 80, pp. 110–112 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1909-09-25 / 1909-10-07
Я прочел вашу книгу с большим интересом, так как я думаю, что вопрос, который вы в ней обсуждаете — пассивное сопротивление — вопрос величайшей важности, не только для Индии, но и для всего человечества. I read your book with great interest because I think that the question you treat in it: passive resistance — is a question of the greatest importance, not only for India but for the whole humanity. (Tolstoy’s own English, in the same letter) — PSS Tom 81, pp. 247–249 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1910-04-25 / 1910-05-08
мне хочется сказать другим то, что я так особенно живо чувствую и что, по моему мнению, имеет огромную важность, а именно о том, что называется непротивлением, но что в сущности есть не что иное, как учение любви, не извращенное ложными толкованиями. I want to say to others what I feel so especially vividly and what in my opinion is of enormous importance — namely, what is called non-resistance, but which in essence is nothing other than the teaching of love undistorted by false interpretations. (working English) — PSS Tom 82, pp. 137–140 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1910-09-07
ваша деятельность в Трансвале, как нам кажется на конце света, есть дело самое центральное, самое важное из всех дел, какие делаются теперь в мире your work in the Transvaal, which to us seems at the end of the world, is the most central, the most important of all the affairs being done now in the world. (working English) — PSS Tom 82, pp. 137–140 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1910-09-07
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Mohandas K. Gandhi, Johannesburg, 1906 (barrister / Transvaal period) [PD], Linotype machine Gandhi operated to print «Indian Opinion», Phoenix/Durban [CC-BY-SA]
Money as violence
concept · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: The book’s central economic argument: money is a bloodless modern form of slavery, structurally identical to serfdom because it rests on the state’s coercive demand for taxes (the Fiji-islands parable). Political economy’s ‘three factors’ obscure this.
Деньги сами по себе зло. И потому кто дает деньги, тот дает зло. (working English) Money is in itself an evil. And therefore he who gives money gives evil. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 173–181 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882-01 (OS)
И я почувствовал, что в деньгах, в самых деньгах, в обладании ими есть что-то гадкое, безнравственное, что самые деньги и то, что я имею их, есть одна из главных причин тех зол, которые я видел перед собой, и я спросил себя: что такое деньги? (working English) And I felt that in money, in money itself, in the possession of it, there is something vile and immoral — that money itself, and my having it, is one of the chief causes of the evils I saw before me — and I asked myself: what is money? — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XVI–XVII (the turn to money) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
Говорить о том, что деньги не производят порабощения — это всё равно, что было бы говорить полстолетия тому назад, что крепостное право не производит порабощения. (working English) To say that money does not produce enslavement is exactly like saying, half a century ago, that serfdom does not produce enslavement. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XX (money as slavery) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
Но собственность, ограждаемая насилием — городовым с пистолетом — это зло. (working English) But property guarded by violence — by a policeman with a pistol — is an evil. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 59 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1883-01-01 (OS)
Moscow Art Theatre
institution · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: the theatre whose Uncle Vanya provoked the play and which premiered it in 1911
после просмотра пьесы А. П. Чехова «Дядя Ваня» (working English) “…work on the play was begun only in January 1900, after seeing A. P. Chekhov’s play Uncle Vanya at the Moscow Art Theatre.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 534 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Немирович Данченко был о драме. А у меня к ней охота прошла. (working English) “Nemirovich-Danchenko came about the drama. But my appetite for it has gone.” (Diary, 16 Oct 1900.) — PSS Tom 54, pp. 48 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900-10-16 (OS)
Moscow census of 1882
event · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: The generative event: the first systematic municipal census of Moscow (January 1882; ~2,000 volunteer census-takers). Tolstoy volunteered for the Khamovniki ward (the Rzhanov house), confronted the urban poor, and tried — and failed — to turn the census into a charitable encounter. Chapters I–XI are its memory.
Деньги сами по себе зло. И потому кто дает деньги, тот дает зло. (working English) Money is in itself an evil. And therefore he who gives money gives evil. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 173–181 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882-01 (OS)
Приди один человек в сумерки к Ляпинскому ночлежному дому, когда 1000 человек раздетых и голодных ждут на морозе впуска в дом, и постарайся этот один человек помочь им, и у него сердце обольется кровью, и он с отчаянием и злобой на людей убежит оттуда; а придите на эту тысячу человек еще тысяча человек с желанием помочь, и дело окажется легким и радостным. (working English) Let one person come at dusk to the Lyapinsky night-shelter, when a thousand undressed and hungry people wait in the frost for admission, and let that one try to help them, and his heart will pour out blood, and he will run away in despair and anger at people; but let another thousand come to that thousand with the wish to help, and the task will prove light and joyful. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 181 (close) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882-01 (OS)
Я всю жизнь прожил не в городе. Когда я в 1881 году переехал на житье в Москву, меня удивила городская бедность. (working English) I lived my whole life away from the city. When in 1881 I moved to Moscow to live, the city poverty astonished me. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 182 (ch. I) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
Moscow Gypsy Choirs
group · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: the real Roma choral milieu of Moscow — the play’s image of воля (boundless aliveness); Masha sings in it
Это степь, это десятый век, это не свобода, а воля. (working English) “This is the steppe, this is the tenth century, this is not freedom but boundless will (volya).” (Fedya at the gypsies, Act I, picture 2.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~12 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
Moscow Psychological Society
institution · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: The learned society at Moscow University (founded 1885) under M. M. Troitsky and then N. Ya. Grot; publisher of «Вопросы философии и психологии». The venue of the 14 March 1887 lecture «Понятие жизни», the public birth of On Life as philosophy.
Одно «я» говорит: «Я хочу жить, жить вечно». (working English) One ‘I’ says: ‘I want to live, to live forever.’ — PSS Tom 26, pp. 881–885 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-03-14 (OS; lecture)
Most Holy Synod
institution · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe · names: Holy Synod / Holy Synod (spiritual censorship)
1879-1882-a-confession: The governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church; its spiritual censorship banned the work (1882); its 1901 edict declared Tolstoy fallen away from the Church (naming no works). 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Through the Moscow Spiritual Censorship Committee (Archpriest M. Bogolyubsky’s report) the Church judged the book to destroy ‘the structure and tranquillity of church and state’ — the ecclesiastical half of the 1884 ban.
И русские стали во имя христианской любви убивать своих братьев. (working English) And Russians began, in the name of Christian love, to kill their brothers. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. XV · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1879–1882
N. S. Gimer
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: prototype of Fedya Protasov; the real first husband; visited Tolstoy and (via his son) asked him not to publish
послуживших прототипами Федора Васильевича и Елизаветы Андреевны Протасовых (working English) “…[N. S. and E. P. Gimer], who served as the prototypes of Fyodor Vasilyevich and Elizaveta Andreevna Protasov.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
к Толстому пришел сын Н. С. Гимера и просил от имени матери не публиковать драму (working English) “…N. S. Gimer’s son came to Tolstoy and asked, on his mother’s behalf, not to publish the drama [lest it revive interest in the dormant court case and lead to her imprisonment].” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 542 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Na kazhdyj den
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: The daily-wisdom anthology (1906–10) that recasts the fire/light credo as maxims (truth-is-fire, one-fire-equality, light of reason)
Нет в человеке ничего драгоценнее, нужнее ему света разума. There is nothing in a person more precious, more needful to him, than the light of reason. (working English) — PSS Tom 43, pp. 3–361 · fire-metaphor · 1909
истина христианства, как огонь в костре, который, заглушенный на время наваленным сырым хворостом, уже высушил сырые прутья, начинает охватывать их и выбиваться наружу. the truth of Christianity, like a fire in a bonfire which, smothered for a time by piled-on damp brushwood, has already dried the wet twigs and begins to catch them and break out. (working English) — PSS Tom 44, pp. 3–390 · fire-metaphor · 1909
огонь в печи, на пожаре, в свече неравны между собою. В каждом человеке живет дух Божий. fire in a stove, in a conflagration, in a candle [are not] unequal to one another. In every person lives the spirit of God. (working English) — PSS Tom 44, pp. 3–390 · fire-metaphor · 1909
Как огонь не бывает немножко горячий, немножко холодный, а бывает огонь только тогда, когда он жжет, так и истина не бывает немножко истина, немножко ложь, а всегда истина As fire is never a little hot, a little cold, but is fire only when it burns, so truth is never a little truth, a little falsehood, but is always truth. (working English) — PSS Tom 44, pp. 3–390 · fire-metaphor · 1909
Narodny rasskaz (folk tale)
concept · missing · dives: late-voice-encryption-compression
late-voice-encryption-compression: The encoded genre at the centre of Thread 1: the popular tale/legend/parable as a vehicle that could carry a truth a treatise could not legally print. The form whose theory is in What Is Art? and whose licence is in the Цветник preface.
и легенды, и притчи, и сказки будут правда, если в них будет правда царствия Божия legends, parables and fairy tales will be truth, if the truth of the Kingdom of God is in them (working English) — PSS Tom 26 · late-voice-encryption-compression
я боялся, как бы они не увидали слишком очевидного обмана, и тогда я выдумал церковь I feared they might notice the too-obvious deception — and so I invented the Church (working English) — PSS Tom 34 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1902-1903
этого-то я не могу сказать в русском легальном издании this is precisely what I cannot say in a legal Russian publication (working English) — PSS Tom 74, pp. 118–119 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1903-05-06
Narodnye rasskazy
concept · missing · dives: folk-tales, krug-chtenija-tales
folk-tales: The genre the dive is about, in its 1903 phase — the moral folk tale revived for the Kishinev almanac. Proposed already by the parent dive stories-for-the-people; extend with the 1903 cluster. krug-chtenija-tales: The genre the dive is about, in its 1905–06 phase — the народный рассказ revived a third time, now as realist short fiction for the Круг чтения weekly-reading slot. Proposed by the parent dives (stories-for-the-people, 1903-folk-tales); extend with this third movement and the realist-return finding.
«Три сказки» были написаны Толстым летом 1903 г. Сказки писались параллельно с рассказом «После бала». (working English) The “Three Tales” were written by Tolstoy in the summer of 1903. They were written in parallel with the story “After the Ball”. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 554–556 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
«Ассирийский царь Асархадон», «Труд, смерть и болезнь» и «Три вопроса», под общим заглавием «Три сказки», появились впервые (в переводе на идиш) в еврейском сборнике «Гилф. Литературный сборник с иллюстрациями», издание «Фолксбилдунг», Варшава, издательство «Тушия» (working English) “Esarhaddon, King of Assyria”, “Work, Death and Sickness” and “The Three Questions”, under the common title “Three Tales”, first appeared (in Yiddish translation) in the Jewish anthology “Hilf: a Literary Collection with Illustrations”, a Folksbildung edition, Warsaw, the Tushiya publishing house. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 554–556 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Написал три сказки. Еще плохо, но может быть порядочно. (working English) Wrote three tales. Still poor, but perhaps it may turn out decent. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 188 · folk-tales · 1903-07-25 (OS)
есть еще отношения совсем особенные: не то чтобы нужно было человеку вычистить сапоги, или снести покупку, или запречь лошадь, а то, что человек так, ни зачем нужен другому человеку, нужно ему послужить, его приласкать, и что он, Алеша, тот самый человек. (working English) there are also quite special relations: not that a person needs his boots cleaned, or a purchase carried, or a horse harnessed, but that a man is simply needed by another man for no reason at all, that one should serve him, show him tenderness — and that he, Alyosha, is that very man. — PSS Tom 36, pp. 54–58 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1905
Толстой сначала называл эти выдержки «воскресными чтениями», но потом по совету помогавшего ему в работе Х. Н. Абрикосова решил называть их «недельными чтениями». Таких «недельных чтений» должно было быть всего, по числу недель в году, пятьдесят два. (working English) Tolstoy first called these excerpts “Sunday readings”, but then, on the advice of his helper Kh. N. Abrikosov, decided to call them “weekly readings”. There were to be fifty-two such “weekly readings” in all, one for each week of the year. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 557–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Опять бессмысленно повинующиеся десятки тысяч русских людей были пригнаны в Польшу (working English) Again, tens of thousands of senselessly obedient Russian people were driven into Poland… — PSS Tom 42, pp. 84–106 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — Opening page of «Ассирийский царь Асархадон» (printed p.126), with the «Лаилиэ это ты» exchange [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 1903 (the composition year) [PD], Leo Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, 1906 (the composition years) [PD]
Nedelnoe chtenie
concept · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: The structural feature of Круг чтения these six tales occupy: one narrative reading every seven days, 52 a year, renamed from «воскресные чтения» on Abrikosov’s advice. The genre function — a narrative exhibit of a day’s theme — and the censorship calculus (banned works re-entered here; the surplus «месячные чтения» passed only in German). The anthology Круг чтения itself merits its own works/ record (genre: anthology) — see needsReview.
Толстой сначала называл эти выдержки «воскресными чтениями», но потом по совету помогавшего ему в работе Х. Н. Абрикосова решил называть их «недельными чтениями». Таких «недельных чтений» должно было быть всего, по числу недель в году, пятьдесят два. (working English) Tolstoy first called these excerpts “Sunday readings”, but then, on the advice of his helper Kh. N. Abrikosov, decided to call them “weekly readings”. There were to be fifty-two such “weekly readings” in all, one for each week of the year. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 557–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Однако в русском издании поместить их оказалось невозможным, так как ни одно из них не могло быть пропущено цензурой. Вследствие этого месячные чтения появились только в немецком переводе «Круга чтения», сделанном А. Шкарваном и изданном в Дрездене в 1907 г. (working English) But it proved impossible to include them [the monthly readings] in the Russian edition, since not one of them could pass the censorship. As a result the monthly readings appeared only in the German translation of the Circle of Reading, made by A. Škarvan and published in Dresden in 1907. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 557–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Вообще недурно бы в Чтения выбирать из запрещенных моих, когда нужно заменить. (working English) In general it would not be a bad idea to draw on my banned works for the Readings, when something needs replacing. — PSS Tom 76, pp. — · krug-chtenija-tales · 1905-09-25
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — Title page / cover of Круг чтения, 1-е изд., изд. «Посредник», Moscow 1906 [unknown]
New understanding of life (Tolstoy)
concept · missing · dives: 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you
1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: The book’s subtitle and thesis: Christianity is not a mystical teaching but a жизнепонимание — a practical understanding of life — the third and highest of the three (personal-animal, social-pagan, divine-Christian). Locating life in God, not the state, is what makes participation in state violence impossible.
Человек божеского жизнепонимания признает жизнь уже не в своей личности и не в совокупности личностей (в семье, роде, народе, отечестве или государстве), а в источнике вечной, неумирающей жизни — в боге (working English) The man of the divine understanding of life finds life no longer in his own personality, nor in the aggregate of personalities (the family, clan, people, fatherland, or state), but in the source of eternal, undying life — in God. — PSS Tom 28, pp. ~65 (гл. IV) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
необходимо установить новое жизнепонимание, из которого и вытекла бы и деятельность, соответствующая тому новому состоянию, в которое оно вступило или вступает. (working English) it is necessary to establish a new understanding of life, from which would also flow the activity corresponding to the new condition into which [humanity] has entered or is entering. — PSS Tom 28, pp. ~67 (гл. V) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
Nicholas I
person · missing · dives: 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1903-after-the-ball, krug-chtenija-tales
1890-1898-father-sergius: Historical Tsar appearing as himself in the narration; his past affair with Kasatsky’s fiancée is the plot hinge. The censored material in 1911. 1896-1904-hadji-murat: Emperor (r. 1825–1855); the satirical court portrait (ch. XV) is the work’s political counterweight and the target of the 1912 posthumous censorship. Historically major in his own right → person (the novel-appearance is a backlink; a character treatment of Tolstoy’s satirical construct is a possible alternative — see needsReview). 1903-after-the-ball: The reign the story indicts: the colonel is «à la Nicolas I», of «николаевской выправки»; the gauntlet is the punishment of «Николай Палкин» (Nicholas the Stick). Routed (missing) by the Hadji Murat dive — cross-reference, do not duplicate. Peripheral here. krug-chtenija-tales: Emperor (r. 1825–1855); named and condemned by name in За что?’s closing portrait as the vain, self-deceived author of the Migurskis’ destruction. A historical person appearing as a named figure in the fiction (cf. the Father Sergius dive’s Nicholas-I-as-person precedent).
погрозил пальцем и потом, уезжая, сказал: (working English) wagged a finger at him, and then, departing, said: — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. I) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
была за год тому назад любовницей Николая Павловича (working English) had been, a year before, the mistress of Nikolai Pavlovich — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. II) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
Но ему приятно было быть неумолимо жестоким, и приятно было думать, что у нас нет смертной казни. (working English) But it pleased him to be implacably cruel, and it pleased him to think that we have no death penalty. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
все его распоряжения, как бы они ни были бессмысленны, несправедливы и несогласны между собою, становились и осмысленны, и справедливы, и согласны между собой только потому, что он их делал. (working English) all his orders, however senseless, unjust, and mutually contradictory they might be, became sensible, just, and consistent simply because he made them. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Твердо держаться моей системы разорения жилищ, уничтожения продовольствия в Чечне и тревожить их набегами (working English) Hold firmly to my system of laying waste their dwellings, destroying provisions in Chechnya, and harassing them with raids. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
император Николай I подвергается недопустимым, крайне грубым и оскорбительным для его памяти нападкам (working English) Emperor Nicholas I is subjected to impermissible, extremely crude attacks insulting to his memory. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 629-631 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1912
Немного подвигаюсь в Николае Павловиче. Задумал три новые вещи. Умирать пора, а я задумываю. 1) Рассказ о бале и сквозь строй (working English) Making a little progress on Nikolai Pavlovich [Nicholas I, i.e. Hadji Murat]. Conceived three new things. It is time to die, and I am conceiving things. 1) A story about a ball and running the gauntlet. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 177 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903-06-09
задавил гидру революции не только в Польше (working English) [Nicholas Pavlovich rejoiced that he had] crushed the hydra of revolution not only in Poland [but in all Europe]… — PSS Tom 42, pp. 84–106 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Tsar Nicholas I, state portrait by Egor Botman, 1856 [PD]
Nicholas II
person · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, against-the-death-penalty, break-with-the-church, doukhobors
1904-bethink-yourselves: Reigning tsar; addressed directly in the essay (“the men of war and the tsar”) and named with Kuropatkin as responsible for the “50,000 lives.” 1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Tsar; named in draft №1 as the other of ‘the two chief hidden executioners’ (Николай Романов) and cut from the published text. The sovereign authority the essay’s generalised address ultimately reaches. against-the-death-penalty: The Tsar addressed directly in «Царю и его помощникам» (1901) and named in «Смертная казнь и христианство» for «даровав жизнь» to the Ekaterinoslav 32 while thousands hanged. Shared with the centrepiece dive (named in the «Не могу молчать» first draft). break-with-the-church: Tsar; approved the edict (per the PSS apparatus) and the addressee of Tolstoy’s 16 Jan 1902 letter («как бы с того света»), which indicts the persecution of faith. Tolstoy addressed him as «любезный брат». doukhobors: Addressee of two petitions citing the Doukhobors as the emblem of religious persecution (1898, 1900).
главный шанс успеха России в том, что у нее неистощимый человеческий материал Russia’s chief chance of success lies in the fact that it possesses an inexhaustible supply of human material. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
до вас, двух главных скрытных палачей, своим попустительством участвующих во всех этих преступлениях: Петру Столыпину и Николаю Романову. up to you, the two chief hidden executioners, who by your connivance take part in all these crimes: Pyotr Stolypin and Nikolai Romanov. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 393 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
Имена политических деятелей, фигурирующих в нем, он опустил и все резкие выражения по их адресу вычеркнул или же значительно смягчил. The names of the political figures appearing in it he omitted, and all the sharp expressions addressed to them he struck out or significantly softened. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Опять убийства, опять уличные побоища, опять будут казни, опять страх, ложные обвинения, угрозы и озлобление с одной стороны, и опять ненависть, желание мщения и готовность жертвы с другой. Again murders, again street fights, again there will be executions, again fear, false accusations, threats and bitterness on one side, and again hatred, the desire for revenge and readiness for sacrifice on the other. (working English) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 239 · against-the-death-penalty · 1901
в газетах появилось известие о том, что русский царь, как он выразился, «даровал жизнь» этим приговоренным 32 человекам. news appeared in the papers that the Russian tsar had, as he put it, “granted life” to these 32 condemned men. (working English) — PSS Tom 38, pp. 47 · against-the-death-penalty · 1909
Это определение, составленное Победоносцевым, было проредактировано митрополитом петербургским и ладожским Антонием и другими членами синода и одобрено Николаем II. (working English) This edict, composed by Pobedonostsev, was revised by Metropolitan Antony of St Petersburg and Ladoga and other members of the Synod, and approved by Nicholas II. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575–577 · break-with-the-church · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
пишу Вам как бы с того света, находясь в ожидании близкой смерти. (working English) I write to you as if from the other world, awaiting near death. — PSS Tom 73, pp. 184–198 · break-with-the-church · 1902-01-29
И потому, если мы не можем исполнять того, без чего нас нельзя терпеть в государстве, мы просим одно: отпустите нас. And so, if we cannot fulfil that without which we cannot be tolerated in the state, we ask one thing only: let us go. (working English) — PSS Tom 71, pp. 345–348 · doukhobors · 1898-04-02
уже давнымъ давно пора: во-первыхъ, пересмотрѣть и уничтожить существующіе теперь законы о гоненіяхъ за вѣру; во-вторыхъ, прекратить всѣ преслѣдованія за отступленія отъ принятаго государствомъ исповѣданія; въ-третьихъ, освободить всѣхъ на основаніи прежнихъ законовъ заключенныхъ и изгнанныхъ за преступленіе противъ вѣры, и въ-четвертыхъ, не казнить, какъ преступленіе, несогласіе религіозной совѣсти съ требованіями государства it is long, long since high time: first, to review and abolish the laws now existing on persecution for faith; second, to stop all prosecutions for departure from the state-accepted confession; third, to release all those imprisoned and exiled under the former laws for offences against faith; and fourth, not to punish as a crime the disagreement of religious conscience with the demands of the state. (working English) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 514–521 · doukhobors · 1900-12-07
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Tsar Nicholas II, official portrait, 1898 [PD]
Nikita (Master and Man)
character · missing · dives: 1894-1895-master-and-man
1894-1895-master-and-man: The workman (работник): a 50-year-old peasant, a reformed drunk, paid half his worth and knowing it, who lives by surrender and is ready to die; the instrument of the master’s salvation and the survivor of the storm.
огляделся и в 100 саженях увидал, что чернеется, и пошел туда (working English) [Nikita] looked round and saw something dark some 100 sazhens off, and walked towards it — it was a village. — PSS Tom 29, pp. 295-324 (Первая черновая редакция, рук. № 2) · 1894-1895-master-and-man · 1894-09
двух смертей не бывать, а одной не миновать (working English) there are not two deaths to die, and the one cannot be escaped — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. IX) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
Известно, грехи. Да что же, разве я сам их на себя напустил? (working English) Of course, sins. But what of it — did I bring them on myself? — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. VII) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
умер, истинно радуясь тому, что избавляет своей смертью сына и сноху (working English) died, truly rejoicing that by his death he was relieving his son and daughter-in-law [of a burden] — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. X) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
Nikita (The Power of Darkness)
character · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: The weak-willed farmhand whose chain of sins (seduction, complicity in poisoning, infanticide) drives the tragedy; ends in public confession.
Фабула «Власти тьмы» почти целиком взята мною из подлинного уголовного дела, рассматривавшегося в Тульском суде. (working English) “The plot of The Power of Darkness is taken by me almost entirely from a real criminal case heard in the Tula court.” (Tolstoy to the journalist N. Rakshanin.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 705 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Как запищит, да как захрустят эти косточки[…]не человек я стал. (working English) “The way it squealed, and the way those little bones crunched — kr... kr... I am no longer a man.” (Nikita, variant Act 4.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~235 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
На погребице доской ребеночка ее задушил. (working English) “In the cellar I smothered her little child with a board.” (Nikita’s public confession at the wedding, Act 5.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~242 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Всё я один сделал. Мой и умысел, мое и дело. (working English) “I did it all alone. Mine the intent, mine the deed.” (Nikita, bound, final line before the curtain.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~243 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
говорил ты мне: «коготок увяз и всей птичке пропасть», не послушал я, пес, твоего слова, и вышло по-твоему. (working English) “You told me: ‘a claw caught, the whole bird is lost’ — I did not heed your word, dog that I am, and it came out as you said.” (Nikita to his father Akim, Act 5.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~243 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Nikolai Davydov
person · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1900-the-living-corpse
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Prosecutor of the Tula District Court (1848–1920), Tolstoy’s friend; the other prosecutor-foil of the «не судите» chapter. 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Tula prosecutor and Tolstoy’s friend; séance attendee who described it in his memoirs; director of the 30 Dec 1889 Yasnaya staging and player of Professor Krugosvetlov; secured the Tula stage permit. (The same Davydov who supplied the Koloskov case for The Power of Darkness.) 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Prosecutor of the Tula circuit court; gave Tolstoy the Koloskov criminal case that became the plot, and the highway-peasant who became Akim. 1900-the-living-corpse: chairman of the Moscow District Court; Tolstoy’s friend who supplied the Gimer case (and earlier supplied/directed the Fruits of Enlightenment material and its first staging)
спиритического сеанса, бывшего в Москве на квартире Н. А. Львова, куда Толстой был приглашен по собственной инициативе. (working English) “...a spiritualist séance held in Moscow at the flat of N. A. Lvov, to which Tolstoy had had himself invited on his own initiative.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 647 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
М. Л. Толстую — кухарку, А. М. Новикова — буфетчика Якова, С. А. Лопухина — Звездинцева, С. Э. Мамонову — толстую барыню, Н. В. Давыдова — профессора Кругосветлова, Т. Л. Толстую — Таню (working English) “...M. L. Tolstaya as the cook, A. M. Novikov as the butler Yakov, S. A. Lopukhin as Zvezdintsev, S. E. Mamonova as the fat lady, N. V. Davydov as Professor Krugosvetlov, T. L. Tolstaya as Tanya.” (Editorial commentary, the 30 Dec 1889 cast.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 661 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-30
Фабула «Власти тьмы» почти целиком взята мною из подлинного уголовного дела, рассматривавшегося в Тульском суде. (working English) “The plot of The Power of Darkness is taken by me almost entirely from a real criminal case heard in the Tula court.” (Tolstoy to the journalist N. Rakshanin.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 705 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
В основу сюжета драмы «Живой труп» положены обстоятельства судебного дела супругов Н. С. и Е. П. Гимер (working English) “The plot of the drama The Living Corpse is founded on the circumstances of the court case of the spouses N. S. and E. P. Gimer…” (PSS Tom 34 commentary; the case was told to Tolstoy by N. V. Davydov, chairman of the Moscow District Court.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — N. V. Davydov (Tula prosecutor) [PD]
Nikolai Fedorov
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession
1879-1882-a-confession: Librarian of the Rumyantsev Museum and philosopher of the ‘Common Task’; an early reader of the gospel synthesis; Tolstoy called him «святой».
Прошел месяц — самый мучительный в моей жизни. Переезд в Москву. (working English) A month has passed — the most agonizing of my life. The move to Moscow. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 58 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-10-05 (OS)
Мне очень тяжело в Москве. (working English) Things are very hard for me in Moscow. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 80–83 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-11 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — N. F. Fedorov (pastel by L. Pasternak, pre-1903) [PD]
Nikolai Felten
person · missing · dives: against-the-death-penalty
against-the-death-penalty: N. E. Felten, responsible editor of the «Обновление» publishing house; arrested 3 July 1907 for reprinting Tolstoy’s «Не убий» (1900) — the trigger of «Не убий никого». Wrote to Tolstoy from prison the same day.
В начале июля 1907 года человек, участвовавший в Петербурге в издательстве «Обновление», был посажен в тюрьму Петербургским судебным следователем по обвинению его в распространении написанной мною семь лет тому назад брошюры под заглавием «Не убий». At the beginning of July 1907 a man involved in the “Obnovlenie” publishing house in St Petersburg was put in prison by a St Petersburg examining magistrate on the charge of distributing a brochure I had written seven years before, titled “Thou Shalt Not Kill.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 39 · against-the-death-penalty · 1907
Правительство преследует мою брошюру «Не убий» и сажает в тюрьму ее распространителя. Теперь оно неизбежно должно преследовать то, что я сейчас пишу, должно казнить и меня The government prosecutes my brochure “Thou Shalt Not Kill” and jails its distributor. Now it must inevitably prosecute what I am writing now — it must execute me too. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 48 · against-the-death-penalty · 1907
nikolai-fridrikhs
person · missing · dives: 1889-1909-the-devil
1889-1909-the-devil: Tula judicial investigator who shot his peasant lover Stepanida and later died beneath a train; the external-crime source for the plot and both endings.
связь с крестьянской женщиной из нашей деревни, до моей женитьбы, — на это есть намек в моем рассказе «Дьявол». (working English) a liaison with a peasant woman of our village, before my marriage — there is a hint of it in my story ‘The Devil.’ — PSS Tom 27, pp. 714-728 · 1889-1909-the-devil
Nikolai Ge
person · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, stories-for-the-people · names: N. N. Ge (the painter) / N. N. Ge (the elder) / Nikolai Ge
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Painter and close disciple; visited Yasnaya in late July 1883 and read the Gospel (Matthew 24) with Tolstoy as the book was finishing; the recipient of the ‘period of crucifixion’ letter after the ban. 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Painter, resident at Yasnaya during the writing; one of the copyists stories-for-the-people: Painter of «Тайная вечеря» (1863), for which Tolstoy wrote a banned picture-text (1886); produced a 12-drawing album for «Чем люди живы» (1886), partly blocked by spiritual censorship.
мы переживаем не период проповеди Христа, не период воскресения, a период распинания. (working English) we are living through not the period of Christ’s preaching, not the period of resurrection, but the period of crucifixion. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 159–161 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1884-03-02 (OS)
скоро сталь путаться (working English) soon got tangled (today I wrote a little of Ivan Ilyich and soon got tangled). — PSS Tom 85, pp. 95 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886-01-16/17
Духовная цензура дала отзыв, что не знает «книги безбожнее этой» (working English) The spiritual censorship gave the verdict that it knew of no book more godless than this. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 725–734 · stories-for-the-people · 1937 (apparatus, on the 1886 verdict)
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — N. N. Ge, self-portrait (1892) [PD], N. N. Ge, 12-drawing album for «Чем люди живы» (1886) [PD], N. N. Ge, «Тайная вечеря» (1863) — the painting whose Posrednik picture-text was banned 24 Feb 1886 [PD]
Nikolai Ge (the younger)
person · missing · dives: 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Correspondent; recipient of the design-brief letter; the catechism conceived partly as a tool for his children’s education
катехизиса — изложения веры the catechism — the exposition of faith (working English) — PSS Tom 67 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1894-05-08
Nikolai Gogol
person · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Russian writer (1809–1852); the religious-turn writer Tolstoy reads as a self-portrait and vindicates against the radical-critic consensus.
Гоголь же тот, который отрекается от своих ошибок и кается в них, того Гоголя мы не хотим знать и называем его сумашедшим. (working English) But the Gogol who renounces his errors and repents of them — that Gogol we do not wish to know, and we call him a madman. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 648-651 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1888-01 .. 1888-02
Гоголь — огромный талант, прекрасное сердце и небольшой, несмелый, робкий ум. (working English) Gogol — an enormous talent, a fine heart, and a small, timid, fearful mind. — PSS Tom 38, pp. 50-53 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1909-03
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Nikolai Gogol (by F. Möller, 1841) [PD]
Nikolai Grot
person · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life, 1897-1898-what-is-art · names: N. Ya. Grot / Nikolai Yakovlevich Grot
1886-1887-on-life: Philosopher (1852–1899); from 1886 the moving spirit of the Moscow Psychological Society (its chairman from 1888) and founding editor of «Вопросы философии и психологии». He drew Tolstoy into the Society, hosted the 14 March 1887 lecture «Понятие жизни», and then held and stylistically corrected the proofs of the book through autumn 1887 — Tolstoy said Grot ‘called the work to life.’ The central new interlocutor of the On Life period. 1897-1898-what-is-art: Editor of «Вопросы философии и психологии»; published the censored Russian serial of the treatise; softened wordings to pass the secular censor.
Одно «я» говорит: «Я хочу жить, жить вечно». (working English) One ‘I’ says: ‘I want to live, to live forever.’ — PSS Tom 26, pp. 881–885 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-03-14 (OS; lecture)
И потому всякий человек всегда движется от одного предела к другому, т. е. живет. Это-то движение и есть сама жизнь. (working English) And therefore every man always moves from the one limit to the other, that is, lives. This movement is life itself. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 881–885 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-03-14 (OS; lecture)
Сначала Грот смягчал мои выражения, иногда ослабляя их, напр. заменял слова «всегда» — словами «иногда»; слова «все» — словами «некоторые»; слово «церковное» — словом «католическое»; слово «богородица» — словом «мадонна»; слово «патриотизм» — словом «лжепатриотизм»; слово «дворцы» — словом «палаты» и т. п. (working English) At first Grot softened my expressions, sometimes weakening them — e.g. he replaced ‘always’ with ‘sometimes’; ‘all’ with ‘some’; ‘ecclesiastical’ with ‘Catholic’; ‘the Mother of God’ with ‘the Madonna’; ‘patriotism’ with ‘false patriotism’; ‘palaces’ with ‘mansions,’ and so on. — PSS Tom 30, pp. pp. 204–206 · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1898-03-17
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — N. Ya. Grot [PD], Nikolai Grot (1852–1899), philosopher-editor [PD]
Nikolai Gusev
person · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: Tolstoy’s secretary; took the 5 Aug 1908 dictation of the letter’s opening and dated the manuscript covers through the Nov–Dec push. (Also a registered transcriber in the works schema.) 1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Tolstoy’s secretary in 1908; copyist of the manuscripts (his cover-notes date the drafts and carry the working title), and the diary-witness to the phonograph attempt and the agitation. Arrested and exiled in 1909. 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: Tolstoy’s secretary in 1908; copyist and first-class diary-witness to the composition — the «чепуха» remark, the cover datings, and the ch. III demotion are all from his diary (via the editorial history). “An invaluable assistant and worker.” against-the-death-penalty: Tolstoy’s secretary 1907–09; diary-witness to the genesis of «Не убий никого» and «Смертная казнь и христианство» (he read Stolypin’s article aloud, dated the drafts). Shared with the centrepiece dive.
Общее количество рукописного материала, относящегося к «Письму к индусу», исчисляется в 413 листов разного формата The total manuscript material relating to the «Letter to a Hindu» comes to 413 sheets of various formats. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 444–446 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
«Каждый день десять казней!.. И это всё сделала церковь!.. А Христос велел не противиться злу!..» “Every day ten executions!.. And the church has done all this!.. And Christ commanded not to resist evil!..” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
«Нет, это невозможно! Нельзя так жить!.. Нельзя так жить!.. Нельзя и нельзя. Каждый день столько смертных приговоров, столько казней. “No, this is impossible! One cannot live so!.. One cannot live so!.. One cannot and cannot. Every day so many death sentences, so many executions.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
На обложке помета Н. Н. Гусева: «О смертной казни» и дата: «15/V 08». On the cover, N. N. Gusev’s note: “On Capital Punishment” and the date “15/V 08.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 427 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Третью, — если помните, о русской революции. Она нарушает стройность изложения. The third — if you remember, on the Russian revolution. It disturbs the harmony of the exposition. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 436–438 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-06-16
Теперь я буду свою чепуху кончать Now I am going to finish my nonsense. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 436–438 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-02-23
Сейчас получил статью, и всё не так, а лучше, чем я ожидал I have just received the article, and it is all not as [I feared] but better than I expected. (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-06-09
Nikolai Leskov
person · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, folk-tales, stories-for-the-people
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Novelist; advised Tolstoy (Oct 1893) to send the piece to the English rather than the German press; warm exchange via L. I. Veselitskaya folk-tales: Novelist; wrote «Час воли божией» (1890) on the Three Questions subject Tolstoy gave him; Tolstoy disliked the result. Proposed by the parent dive; extend. stories-for-the-people: Recruited to write for Posrednik (Tolstoy praised a Leskov piece for it in Jan 1887); Sytin published his «Совестный Данила» and «Фигура» (1890).
Мысль сказки Царь Ассархадон принадлежит не мне, а взята мною из сказки неизвестного автора, напечатанной в немецком журнале Theosophischer Wegweiser (working English) The idea of the tale “King Esarhaddon” is not mine but taken by me from a tale by an unknown author, printed in the German journal Theosophischer Wegweiser. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 167–168 · folk-tales · 1903-08-25
Nikolai Lvov
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Host of the spiritualist séance (Moscow, ≤1886) that Tolstoy attended on his own initiative; died 1887. The source impression of the play and the prototype of Zvezdintsev; in person in the 1884 diary expounding Blavatsky.
вертит блюдечко о земле крестьянам. Самарин неверующий. (working English) “[Lvov] spins the saucer about the peasants’ land. Samarin the unbeliever.” (The first plan of the comedy, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 433 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
спиритического сеанса, бывшего в Москве на квартире Н. А. Львова, куда Толстой был приглашен по собственной инициативе. (working English) “...a spiritualist séance held in Moscow at the flat of N. A. Lvov, to which Tolstoy had had himself invited on his own initiative.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 647 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
Львов рассказывал о Блавацкой, переселении душ, силах духа, белом слоне, присяге новой вере. Как не сойти с ума при таких впечатлениях? (working English) “Lvov told [me] of Blavatsky, transmigration of souls, spirit-forces, the white elephant, the oath to a new faith. How can one not go mad amid such impressions?” (Diary, 19 April 1884.) — PSS Tom 49, pp. 84 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1884-04-19
Nikolai Mikhailovich
person · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat, break-with-the-church
1896-1904-hadji-murat: Romanov historian; Tolstoy’s conduit to imperial-archive holdings (the Nicholas-I rescripts, AKAK vol. X) and his confirmed interlocutor on the Nicholas-I and Vorontsov portraits. break-with-the-church: Historian and Romanov; the intermediary who personally delivered Tolstoy’s January 1902 letter to Nicholas II and relayed (via Chertkov) that it was received favourably. The channel between Yasnaya Polyana/Gaspra and the throne.
Теперь же я занят окончанием давно начатого и всё разрастающегося одного эпизода из кавказской истории 1851, 52 годов. (working English) I am now occupied with finishing a long-begun and ever-expanding episode from Caucasian history of 1851–52. — PSS Tom 73 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-08-20
пишу Вам как бы с того света, находясь в ожидании близкой смерти. (working English) I write to you as if from the other world, awaiting near death. — PSS Tom 73, pp. 184–198 · break-with-the-church · 1902-01-29
nikolai-obolensky
person · missing · dives: 1889-1909-the-devil, 1903-after-the-ball
1889-1909-the-devil: Married Tolstoy’s daughter Maria Lvovna (1897); copied the variant (murder) ending into the manuscript c. 1909. The variant-ending autograph stayed in his archive (now GTM No. 77). 1903-after-the-ball: N. L. Obolensky, copyist of the final manuscript, which he dated «Ясная Поляна. 20 августа 1903 г.». Minor; fold into prose unless a page is wanted.
Первоначальное заглавие «А вы говорите» зачеркнуто Толстым и начато «Дочь»; затем и это слово зачеркнуто и надписано «После бала», с подзаголовком: «Рассказ». (working English) The original title “But You Say” was crossed out by Tolstoy and “Daughter” begun; then this word too was crossed out and “After the Ball” written in, with the subtitle “A Story”. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 551 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
Nikolai Ozmidov
person · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: Tolstoyan correspondent and former Yasnaya Polyana neighbour; addressee of the 24 March 1887 letter stating the book’s intent (‘life is something simple, clear, light and always joyful’). Tolstoy first meant to print the work in Obolensky’s Russkoe Bogatstvo.
жизнь есть совсем не та путаница и страдания, которые мы себе представляем под этим словом, а нечто очень простое, ясное, легкое и всегда радостное. (working English) life is not at all the tangle and suffering we imagine under that word, but something very simple, clear, light, and always joyful. — PSS Tom 64, pp. 27–28 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-03-24 (OS)
Nikolai Strakhov
person · missing · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1897-1898-what-is-art, crisis, gospel-translation, lords-prayer · names: N. N. Strakhov / Nikolai Nikolaevich Strakhov / Nikolai Nikolayevich Strakhov / Nikolai Strakhov
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: Philosopher and critic (1828–1896); Tolstoy’s chief correspondent and first reader through the Prophet period. The two surviving genesis witnesses for this work are letters to him (Feb–Mar 1880); his marginal remarks appear on a leaf of manuscript no. 3 and Tolstoy took them into account. 1879-1882-a-confession: Philosopher and critic; Tolstoy’s chief correspondent through the composition and first reader; accompanied him to Optina Pustyn. 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Philosopher and critic; chief correspondent through composition (‘Я всё переделываю, поправляю свое писанье’, 2 Sept 1883); deposited manuscript no. 7 in the Imperial Public Library in 1884. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Philosopher and critic; an early reader of the article who praised it while disagreeing with its conclusions (the 31 Mar 1885 exchange). A recurring composition-window correspondent. 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Supplied the title-page dating instruction «(1884—1886)» on the galleys 1886-1887-on-life: Philosopher and critic (1828–1896); close reader of On Life, who compared it to Fichte, checked Hapgood’s English translation, and received Tolstoy’s January-1888 letter reporting the censorship. A standing Prophet-period correspondent. 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Philosopher and critic (1828–1896); a close interlocutor of the composition — he translated Ballou’s Catechism, brought Tolstoy the printed sheets of Chelčický’s Net of Faith and told him of Gottfried Arnold’s history of the heresies (both used in the book), advised splitting the overgrown chapter VIII, and reported the foreign censorship’s verdict on the French edition. 1894-1895-master-and-man: Philosopher and critic (1828–1896), Tolstoy’s close confidant; first reader of the manuscript and supervisor of the proofs, to whom Tolstoy confided the publication crisis. Died Jan 1896, less than a year after the story appeared. 1897-1898-what-is-art: Earlier art-and-philosophy interlocutor; died January 1896, weeks before the writing window opens; a Jan 1896 letter shows the anti-Shakespeare strand already active. crisis: philosopher, close correspondent; recipient of the ‘medical кризис’ letter (1894); accompanied Tolstoy to Optina Pustyn, 1881 gospel-translation: Tolstoy’s confidant and critical interlocutor during the gospel years; the addressee who hears the work described as consuming and unpublishable lords-prayer: The confidant who hears the composition-year reactions and supplies the Tischendorf Greek NT — the philological instrument of the translation. Already mapped by the parent dive.
Особенно тяжело мне было то, что, начав все перерабатывать сначала, я отдел обзора православного богословия должен был расширить. И я изучил хорошо богословие и теперь вот кончаю разбор его. (working English) What weighed on me most was that, having begun to rework everything from the start, I had to expand the section surveying Orthodox theology. And I have studied theology thoroughly, and now I am finishing its analysis. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 12–13 · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1880-02-29 (OS)
и не могу оторваться и часто счастлив своей работой, но очень часто слабею головой. (working English) and I cannot tear myself away, and am often happy with my work, but very often my head grows weak. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 15–16 · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1880-03-23 (OS)
Разум мне ничего не говорит и не может сказать на три вопроса, которые легко выразить одним: что я такое? (working English) Reason tells me nothing, and can say nothing, to the three questions that may easily be put as one: what am I? — PSS Tom 62, pp. 379–383 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1878-01-27 (OS)
Я очень занят, но не скажу, что пишу (working English) I am very busy, but I will not say what I am writing. — PSS Tom 62, pp. 500–501 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1879-11-01 (OS)
Я очень занят работой для себя, которой никогда не напечатаю (working English) I am very busy with work for myself, which I will never print. — PSS Tom 62, pp. 501–503 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1879-11-19 (OS, unsent)
Из большего сочинения, которое я после вас и кончил, и еще раз все прошел, я сделал еще из Евангелия извлечение без примечаний (working English) Out of the larger work, which I finished after seeing you and have gone through once more, I have made besides an extract from the Gospel without notes. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 71–73 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-07-01/08 (OS)
Ведь я не дорожу тем, чтò есть моего в этой статье, […] тем, чтò в ней есть божеского, и мне радостно видеть, что я не так еще попортил его, чтобы нельзя было узнать. (working English) For I do not value what is mine in this article, but what is God’s in it, and I am glad to see that I have not yet spoiled it so far that it cannot be recognized. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 220–222 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1885-03-31 (OS)
Повесть (1884—1886) (working English) [The Death of Ivan Ilyich.] A tale (1884–1886). — PSS Tom 26, pp. 679–691 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1936 (editorial)
Книга «о жизни» всё в духовной цензуре. Едва ли пропустят. (working English) The book ‘On Life’ is still in the spiritual censorship. They will hardly pass it. — PSS Tom 64, pp. 138 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1888-01-24 (OS)
Если вы скажете, что нехорошо, я нисколько не обижусь (working English) If you say it is no good, I shall not be in the least offended. — PSS Tom 68, pp. 15-16 · 1894-1895-master-and-man · 1895-01-14
почти безумный припадок (working English) an almost insane fit [of jealousy of Gurevich]… She was close to suicide — PSS Tom 68, pp. 32-33 · 1894-1895-master-and-man · 1895-02-14
Вы знаете, что Марья Петровна Фет при смерти — крупозное воспаление легких. До сих пор нет кризиса, и шансов смерти, говорят, больше, чем жизни. You know that Marya Petrovna Fet is dying — lobar pneumonia. So far there is no crisis, and the chances of death, they say, are greater than of life. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 84 · TEI v67_083_H_N_Straxovu · crisis · 1894-03-16
работаю очень много и страстно, хотя ничего не пишу. I work very much and passionately, though I write nothing. (working English) — PSS Tom 62, pp. 471–472 · gospel-translation · 1879-02-13
занят работой для себя, которой никогда не напечатаю. I am occupied with work for myself, which I shall never print. (working English) — PSS Tom 62, pp. 501–503 · gospel-translation · 1879-11
Бумаги измарал много с большим напряжением и не скажу радостью, но с уверенностью, что это так нужно. I have covered much paper, with great strain and — I will not say joy, but — with the conviction that it is necessary. (working English) — PSS Tom 63, pp. 12–13 · lords-prayer · 1880-02-29
Я все работаю и не могу оторваться и часто счастлив своей работой, но очень часто слабею головой. I keep working and cannot tear myself away, and am often happy in my work, but very often my head grows weak. (working English) — PSS Tom 63, pp. 15–16 · lords-prayer · 1880-03-23
Очень благодарен вам за Тишендорфское евангелие. I am very grateful to you for the Tischendorf gospel. (working English) — PSS Tom 63, pp. 21–22 · lords-prayer · 1880-09-01
Из большего сочинения, которое я после вас и кончил, и еще раз все прошел, я сделал еще из Евангелия извлечение без примечаний, но с коротким предисловием Out of the larger work, which I have finished since you were here and gone through once more, I have made an extract from the Gospel, without notes but with a short preface… (working English) — PSS Tom 63, pp. 71–73 · lords-prayer · 1881-07-01
Visuals: 4 (4 usable) — N. N. Strakhov, 1828–1896 [PD], N. N. Strakhov [PD], N. N. Strakhov (GRW, 1901) [PD], Portrait/photograph of N. N. Strakhov [PD]
Nikolai Wagner
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Zoologist and convinced spiritualist, Butlerov’s friend; heard the comedy read (12 Mar 1890), took Professor Krugosvetlov as a libel on himself and Butlerov, and protested (13 Mar 1890). Tolstoy apologised (25 Mar 1890) while affirming his hatred of spiritualism.
И главное мое с годами всё усиливающееся отвращение, от которого я не отрекаюсь, ко всяким суевериям, к которым я причисляю спиритизм. (working English) “And the main thing is my hatred, growing with the years, which I do not renounce, of every kind of superstition, among which I count spiritualism.” (To the zoologist-spiritualist N. P. Wagner, 25 March 1890.) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 51 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-03-25
Non-resistance
concept · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty, christian-anarchism · names: Non-resistance to evil (непротивление злу насилием) / Non-resistance to evil by force / non-resistance (непротивление злу насилием)
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: The doctrine the letter applies to colonial subjection — withdrawal of participation from the machinery of violence as the lever of liberation. The thread linking this dive to the Kingdom of God dive and the Law of Violence and the Law of Love dive. No dedicated wiki page exists; the term currently appears only inside «Christian Anarchism», «Leo Tolstoy», and «Tolstoyanism» — so a standalone page must be created, not a stub extended. 1908-i-cannot-be-silent: The doctrine underlying the essay’s ‘stop doing what you do’ and its symmetric condemnation of state and revolutionary violence. Shared spine with the twin treatise. The schema lists ‘Non-resistance’ as a concept; no page exists yet. 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: The doctrine the treatise gives its last systematic statement: non-resistance to evil by force as the necessary, no-exceptions form of the law of love. Currently discussed only inside Christian Anarchism / Tolstoyanism / Leo Tolstoy — no dedicated concept page yet. against-the-death-penalty: The doctrine underlying the whole cluster: refuse to kill / refuse to abet killing as the only remedy; the symmetric condemnation of state and revolutionary violence; the door-that-opens-inward image. Shared with the centrepiece + the twin treatise dives. christian-anarchism: The religious substance Tolstoy affirms in place of the political label. The Eltzbacher index argument turns on it: Eltzbacher’s book has no Tolstoy reference under ‘violence’ because Tolstoy treated the matter as non-resistance (religion), not violence (politics).
Только живи человек согласно с свойственным его сердцу и открытым уже ему законом любви, включающей в себя непротивление, и потому естественно не участвуя в каком бы то ни было насилии, и не только сотни не поработят миллионы, но миллионы не поработят одного. Не противьтесь злу, но и сами не участвуйте во зле, в насилиях администрации, судов, сборов податей и, главное, войска, и никто в мире не поработит вас. If man lives only in accord with the law of love which includes non resistance, which has been already revealed to him and is natural to his heart, and hence does not participate in any form of violence, not only hundreds will not enslave millions but even millions will be unable to enslave one individual. Do not resist evil, but also yourselves participate not in evil, in the violent deeds of the administration, of the law courts, the collection of taxes, and what is most important of the soldiers, and no one in the world will enslave you. (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
мне хочется сказать другим то, что я так особенно живо чувствую и что, по моему мнению, имеет огромную важность, а именно о том, что называется непротивлением, но что в сущности есть не что иное, как учение любви, не извращенное ложными толкованиями. I want to say to others what I feel so especially vividly and what in my opinion is of enormous importance — namely, what is called non-resistance, but which in essence is nothing other than the teaching of love undistorted by false interpretations. (working English) — PSS Tom 82, pp. 137–140 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1910-09-07
Ответ самый простой: перестать делать то, что вы делаете. The answer is the simplest: to stop doing what you do. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 89 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
они не только ваши ученики, они — ваше произведение, они ваши дети. Не будь вас — не было бы их they are not only your pupils, they are your product, they are your children. Were it not for you, they would not exist (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 91 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
Воля же эта хочет только одного: любви людей к людям. And that will wants only one thing: the love of people for people. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 96 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
И потому всякое противление злу злом есть лишение блага, всякое любовное отвечание на зло есть приобретение блага And therefore every resistance of evil by evil is a loss of the good, every loving response to evil is a gain of the good (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
Исповедание христианства в его истинном значении, включающем непротивление злу насилием, освобождает людей от всякой внешней власти. The profession of Christianity in its true meaning, which includes non-resistance to evil by force, frees men from all external power. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
Учение Христа в его истинном смысле состоит в признании любви высшим законом жизни, и потому не могущим допускать никаких исключений. Christ’s teaching in its true meaning consists in recognizing love as the highest law of life, and therefore one that can admit no exceptions. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
Война уничтожится только тогда, когда люди не будут принимать никакого участия в насилии и будут готовы нести все те гонения, которым они могут подвергнуться за это. Это одно средство уничтожения войны. War will be abolished only when men take no part whatever in violence and are ready to bear all the persecutions to which they may be subjected for it. This is the one means of abolishing war. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
не убивать надо Александров, Карно, Гумбертов и других, а надо разъяснить им то, что они сами убийцы, и, главное, не позволять им убивать людей, отказываться убивать по их приказанию. one must not kill the Alexanders, Carnots, Umbertos and others, but must make clear to them that they are themselves murderers, and, above all, not allow them to kill people — refuse to kill at their command. (working English) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 204 · against-the-death-penalty · 1900
Отказ же рабочих от участия в войсках, имеющих целью убийство, — поступок, самый противный закону взаимности, — в последнее время всё чаще и чаще направляемых против рабочих, уже совершенно изменил бы к лучшему всё положение рабочих. But the workers’ refusal to take part in the armies, whose aim is killing — those armies more and more often turned against the workers themselves — would already wholly change the workers’ condition for the better. (working English) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 264 · against-the-death-penalty · 1901
«Не убий» значит только то, что христианам не должно убивать никого, ни непосредственно, ни посредственно, подсобляя убийствам. “Thou shalt not kill” means only this: that Christians must kill no one — neither directly nor indirectly, by abetting killings. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 40 · against-the-death-penalty · 1907
Но что же делать человеку, который видит, что толпа, давя, губя друг друга, валит и напирает на неразрушимую дверь, надеясь отворить ее наружу, когда он знает, что дверь отворяется только внутрь. But what is a man to do who sees that the crowd, crushing and destroying one another, presses and heaves against an indestructible door, hoping to open it outward — when he knows that the door opens only inward? (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 54 · against-the-death-penalty · 1907
Мне кажется только, что я не анархист в смысле политического реформатора. В оглавлении вашей книги под словом «насилие» сделаны указания на разные страницы из других сочинений, но ни одной ссылки на мои. Не доказательство ли это того, что то учение, которое вы мне приписываете и которое, в сущности, есть не что иное, как учение Христа, вовсе не политическое, а религиозное учение? It seems to me only that I am not an anarchist in the sense of a political reformer. In the index of your book under the word ‘violence’ references are made to various pages of the other writers, but not one to mine. Is this not proof that the teaching which you ascribe to me, and which is, in essence, nothing other than the teaching of Christ, is not a political but a religious teaching? (working English) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 424–426 · christian-anarchism · 1900-08-01
Non-resistance to evil
concept · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe
1882-1884-what-i-believe: The book’s keystone doctrine — Matthew V:39 read literally; «не противься злу» as a binding law forbidding all violence, and the root of Tolstoy’s rejection of courts, army and state.
Я понял в первый раз, что центр тяжести всей мысли в словах: «не противься злу», а что последующее есть только разъяснение первого положения. (working English) I understood for the first time that the centre of gravity of the whole thought lies in the words ‘resist not evil,’ and that what follows is only an elucidation of that first proposition. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. I (the key) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Не противься злому — значит не противься злому никогда, т. е. никогда не делай насилия, т. е. такого поступка, который всегда противоположен любви. (working English) Resist not evil — means resist not evil ever, that is, never do violence, that is, never do an act that is always the opposite of love. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. II · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Non-resistance to evil by force
concept · missing · dives: 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you
1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: The book’s spine: the commandment (Mt. 5:39) Tolstoy calls the ‘chief departure’ the churches made from Christ. Not a personal ethic only but the point on which true Christianity and the state are incompatible — refusing it makes a Christian unable to serve in army, court, or police. The doctrine is mapped thematically in the christian-anarchism dive; this is its keystone in the work.
В числе многих отступлений этого учения от учения Христа я указывал на главное отступление, именно — на непризнание заповеди непротивления злу насилием (working English) Among the many departures of this [church] teaching from the teaching of Christ, I pointed to the chief departure — namely, the non-recognition of the commandment of non-resistance to evil by force. — PSS Tom 28, pp. 5 (Вступление) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
Устрашение, подкуп, гипнотизация приводят людей к тому, что они идут в солдаты (working English) Intimidation, bribery, and hypnotization bring men to become soldiers — PSS Tom 28, pp. ~163 (гл. VIII) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
November Uprising
event · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: The 1830–31 Polish revolt against Russian rule whose suppression begins the action of За что? (Migurski’s exile). Named historical setting; Tolstoy researched it for the tale.
Альбина и Мигурский являются действительными личностями; сохранены не только их имена, но и события их жизни. (working English) Albina and Migurski are real persons; not only their names but the events of their lives are preserved. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 626–643 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus, B. M. Eikhenbaum)
Опять бессмысленно повинующиеся десятки тысяч русских людей были пригнаны в Польшу (working English) Again, tens of thousands of senselessly obedient Russian people were driven into Poland… — PSS Tom 42, pp. 84–106 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Appeal to Volhynians, Ukrainians and Podolians — November Uprising proclamation, Feb 1831 [PD]
O zhizni
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: Fire/light fused as the continuous life-force; ‘the sun of reason’
Я видел свет от горевшей передо мной травы. Трава эта потухла, но свет только усилился: я не вижу причины этого света, не знаю, чтò горит, но могу заключить, что тот же огонь, который сжег эту траву, жжет теперь дальний лес, или что-то такое, чего я не могу видеть. I saw the light from the grass that burned before me. That grass went out, but the light only grew stronger: I do not see the cause of this light, I do not know what is burning, but I can conclude that the same fire that burned this grass is now burning the distant forest, or something of the kind that I cannot see. (working English) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 313–442 · fire-metaphor · 1887
свет солнца разума есть только незначущая случайность, сентиментальные, мистические слова. the light of the sun of reason is only an insignificant accident — sentimental, mystical words — so it appears to those not yet awake to it. (working English) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 313–442 · fire-metaphor · 1887
Obnovlenie
institution · missing · dives: against-the-death-penalty
against-the-death-penalty: St Petersburg publisher (1906) that issued banned Tolstoy works; printed «Не убий» in Russia (1906); its editor N. E. Felten was jailed in 1907 for it — the trigger of «Не убий никого».
В начале июля 1907 года человек, участвовавший в Петербурге в издательстве «Обновление», был посажен в тюрьму Петербургским судебным следователем по обвинению его в распространении написанной мною семь лет тому назад брошюры под заглавием «Не убий». At the beginning of July 1907 a man involved in the “Obnovlenie” publishing house in St Petersburg was put in prison by a St Petersburg examining magistrate on the charge of distributing a brochure I had written seven years before, titled “Thou Shalt Not Kill.” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 39 · against-the-death-penalty · 1907
On Gogol
work · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Subject work — record-creating (1909 article; the 1888 unfinished note flagged for a possible second record, see needsReview).
Но как только хочет он писать художественные произведения на нравственно-религиозные темы или придать уже написанным произведениям несвойственный им нравственно-религиозный поучительный смысл, выходит ужасная, отвратительная чепуха, как это проявляется во второй части «Мертвых Душ», в заключительной сцене к «Ревизору» и во многих письмах. (working English) But the moment he wants to write artistic works on moral-religious themes, or to lend already-written works a moral-religious didactic sense not proper to them, out comes terrible, repulsive nonsense, as appears in the second part of Dead Souls, in the closing scene of The Inspector General, and in many of the letters. — PSS Tom 38, pp. 50-53 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1909-03
Гоголь — огромный талант, прекрасное сердце и небольшой, несмелый, робкий ум. (working English) Gogol — an enormous talent, a fine heart, and a small, timid, fearful mind. — PSS Tom 38, pp. 50-53 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1909-03
On Shakespeare and the Drama
work · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: The subject work — record-creating (see workRecord).
есть великое зло, как и всякая неправда (working English) [the indisputable fame of Shakespeare] is a great evil, like every untruth. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 216-217 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
слава эта есть одно из тех эпидемических внушений, которым всегда подвергались и подвергаются люди (working English) this fame is one of those epidemic suggestions to which people have always been, and still are, subject. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 263-264 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
учение о жизни, покуда нет настоящей религиозной драмы, надо искать в других источниках (working English) the teaching of life, until there is a true religious drama, must be sought in other sources. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 271-272 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Tolstoy on Shakespeare (Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1906) [PD]
Optina Pustyn
place · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1890-1898-father-sergius
1879-1882-a-confession: The monastery Tolstoy visited (with Strakhov) in summer 1881 as the work neared its finished form. 1890-1898-father-sergius: Monastery Tolstoy visited Feb 1890; the milieu (and his hostile impression of it) behind the monastery and hermitage chapters.
Из большего сочинения, которое я после вас и кончил, и еще раз все прошел, я сделал еще из Евангелия извлечение без примечаний (working English) Out of the larger work, which I finished after seeing you and have gone through once more, I have made besides an extract from the Gospel without notes. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 71–73 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-07-01/08 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Optina Pustyn monastery, pre-revolutionary [PD]
Osip Feldman
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Celebrity hypnotist / thought-reader Tolstoy met in April 1889 (“charlatanry,” diary); the prototype of the character Grossman. Later sued the Maly actor Garin-Vinding for the look-alike makeup.
Звездинцев и Сахатов, прототипами для которых послужили Н. А. Львов и П. Ф. Самарин. ... фамилия профессора звучала сначала Кутлер, затем Кутлеров, т. е. созвучно с фамилией знаменитого химика и в то же время спирита академика и профессора — А. М. Бутлерова (working English) “...Zvezdintsev and Sakhatov, whose prototypes were N. A. Lvov and P. F. Samarin. ...the professor’s surname sounded at first Kutler, then Kutlerov — i.e. consonant with the surname of the famous chemist and at the same time spiritualist, academician and professor A. M. Butlerov.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 655 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Otche nash (Tolstoy)
concept · missing · dives: lords-prayer
lords-prayer: The subject of this dive: Tolstoy’s family of renderings of the Lord’s Prayer, his anti-petitionary reading, and the glory→reason / kingdom→spirit substitutions. A concept page anchored in the two works.
Так вот как молитесь: Отец! Чтобы было твое царство. Пусть будет твоя воля в тебе и во мне. So pray thus: Father! That thy kingdom be. May thy will be in thee and in me. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
И Иисус сказал им: когда молитесь, говорите: Отец! да будешь ты свят в нас, да объявится царство твое, т. е. да будет воля твоя; да сойдет в нас дух твой и очистит нас. And Jesus said to them: when you pray, say: Father! mayest thou be holy in us, may thy kingdom be made manifest, that is, may thy will be done; may thy spirit descend into us and cleanse us. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Как еще яснее сказать, что не нужно молиться? How could it be said more plainly that one must not pray? (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Окончив свою работу, я к удивлению и радости своей нашел, что так называемая молитва господня есть не что иное, как в самой сжатой форме выраженное всё учение Иисуса в том самом порядке, в котором были расположены мною главы, и что каждое выражение молитвы соответствует смыслу и порядку глав. On finishing my work I found, to my surprise and joy, that the so-called Lord’s Prayer is nothing other than the whole teaching of Jesus expressed in the most condensed form, in the very order in which I had arranged the chapters, and that each phrase of the prayer corresponds to the sense and order of the chapters. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
А будет твоя власть, и сила, и разум. But there will be thy power, and strength, and reason. (working English) — Tolstoy’s meaning for the doxology (phrase 12 of 12) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
Молитесь только так: Отец наш безначальный и бесконечный, как небо! Пусть будет свято только твое существо. Пусть будет власть только твоя, так, чтобы воля твоя совершалась безначально и бесконечно на земле. Дай мне пищу жизни в настоящем. Ошибки мои прежние загладь и сотри так же, как и я заглаживаю и стираю все ошибки братьев моих, чтобы я не попал в соблазн, избавился от зла. Потому что твоя власть и сила и твое решение. Pray only thus: Our Father, without beginning and without end, like the sky! May thy being alone be holy. May power alone be thine, so that thy will be done, without beginning and without end, on earth. Give me the food of life in the present. My former mistakes, efface and wipe them out, just as I efface and wipe out all the mistakes of my brothers, so that I may not fall into temptation, and may be delivered from evil. Because thine is the power and the strength and thine the decision. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
Otets Sergij
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: Fiction: the burning lamp whose «божеский свет истины» dims when holiness is performed for people
Он думал о том, что он был светильник горящий, и чем больше он чувствовал это, тем больше он чувствовал ослабление, потухание божеского света истины, горящего в нем. He thought that he was a burning lamp, and the more he felt this, the more he felt the weakening, the dying-out of the divine light of truth burning within him. (working English) — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5–46 · fire-metaphor · 1898
Pashenka (Father Sergius)
character · missing · dives: 1890-1898-father-sergius
1890-1898-father-sergius: Principal — the moral centre. Sergius’s poor cousin, a music teacher whose unselfconscious service is the holiness he never reached.
Я жил для людей под предлогом бога, она живет для бога, воображая, что она живет для людей. (working English) I lived for people under the pretext of God; she lives for God, imagining that she lives for people. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 5-46 (ch. VIII) · 1890-1898-father-sergius
Patriotism
concept · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Central concept the essay defines and attacks — preference of one’s state over others; an artificial hypnosis, incompatible with Christianity; ‘slavery’
не что иное, как предпочтение своего государства или народа всякому другому государству и народу (working English) [patriotism is] nothing other than the preference of one’s own state or people over every other state and people. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 66 (ch. XIII) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
нет во всей истории ни одной войны, которая не была бы вызвана правительствами (working English) in all of history there is not one war that was not provoked by governments. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 71 (ch. XIV) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Патриотизм есть рабство. (working English) Patriotism is slavery. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 72 (ch. XIV) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Теперь пишу о Тулоне, гипнотизации патриотизма, кажется кончил. (working English) Now I am writing about Toulon, about the hypnotisation of patriotism; it seems I have finished. — PSS Tom 66, pp. 436–437 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-11-27 / 1893-12-03 (OS)
Всё тот же так называемый Тулон, в котором я был вовлечен в разъяснения вопроса «патриотизма», и это очень интересно и, мне думается, ново и нужно, т. е. доказательство лжи и вреда этого патриотизма. (working English) Still the same so-called Toulon, in which I was drawn into clarifying the question of ‘patriotism’ — and it is very interesting and, I think, new and necessary: the demonstration of the lie and harm of this patriotism. — PSS Tom 84, pp. 209–210 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-02-03 (OS)
Paul Deroulede
person · missing · dives: 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism
1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: French nationalist agitator (Ligue des patriotes); the unnamed ‘guest’ who visited Yasnaya Polyana to promote the alliance (ch. VIII–IX); encrypted to ‘наш гость’ in late redaction
Приходи лучше с нами работать, да и немца присылай. А отработаемся — гулять будем. И немца возьмем. Такие же люди. (working English) Better come and work with us, and send the German along too. And when we’re done, we’ll make merry. We’ll take the German too. They’re people just the same. — PSS Tom 39, pp. 53 (ch. IX) · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-03-17 (OS)
Paul Eltzbacher
person · missing · dives: christian-anarchism
christian-anarchism: Berlin legal scholar (1868–1928); his Der Anarchismus (1900) classified Tolstoy as one of seven principal anarchist thinkers. Addressee of the 1900 letter; his index is the evidence Tolstoy turns against the classification.
Ваша книга делает для анархизма то, что 30 лет назад было сделано для социализма: вводит его в программу политических наук. Ваша книга мне чрезвычайно понравилась. Она совершенно объективна, понятна, и, насколько я могу судить, источники в ней отлично использованы. Your book does for anarchism what was done thirty years ago for socialism: it brings it into the programme of the political sciences. Your book pleased me exceedingly. It is entirely objective, intelligible, and — so far as I can judge — the sources in it are excellently handled. (working English) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 424–426 · christian-anarchism · 1900-08-01
Mir scheint nur, dass ich kein Anarchist bin im Sinne eines politischen Reformators. Im Register Ihres Buches beim Worte: «Zwang» sind verschiedene Seiten bei allen anderen angegeben, aber keine in meinen Schriften. Ist das nicht ein Beweis, dass die Lehre, die Sie mir zuschreiben, aber die eigentlich nur die Lehre Christi ist, keine politische aber eine religiöse Lehre ist? [Tolstoy’s German original of the same passage] It seems to me only that I am not an anarchist in the sense of a political reformer. In the register of your book under the word ‘Zwang’ [coercion] various pages are given for all the others, but none in my writings. Is this not a proof that the teaching you ascribe to me, but which is really only the teaching of Christ, is not a political but a religious teaching? (working English) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 424–426 · christian-anarchism · 1900-08-01
Мне кажется только, что я не анархист в смысле политического реформатора. В оглавлении вашей книги под словом «насилие» сделаны указания на разные страницы из других сочинений, но ни одной ссылки на мои. Не доказательство ли это того, что то учение, которое вы мне приписываете и которое, в сущности, есть не что иное, как учение Христа, вовсе не политическое, а религиозное учение? It seems to me only that I am not an anarchist in the sense of a political reformer. In the index of your book under the word ‘violence’ references are made to various pages of the other writers, but not one to mine. Is this not proof that the teaching which you ascribe to me, and which is, in essence, nothing other than the teaching of Christ, is not a political but a religious teaching? (working English) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 424–426 · christian-anarchism · 1900-08-01
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Paul Eltzbacher, photographic portrait [PD], PSS Tom 72 p.442 — the Eltzbacher letter, the «я не анархист в смысле политического реформатора» passage (rendered from the local PD PSS PDF) [PD]
Pavel Birukoff
person · exists · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1886-1887-on-life, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1899-resurrection, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-living-corpse, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, biryukov-sofia-relationship, copyright-renunciation, crisis, doukhobors, stories-for-the-people · names: Pavel Biryukov / P. I. Biryukov / Pavel Birukoff / Pavel Ivanovich Biryukov / Pavel Ivanovich Birukoff
1879-1882-a-confession: Biographer; the standard authorised Life is a key secondary anchor for the composition story. 1886-1887-on-life: Tolstoy’s biographer and Posrednik associate; carried the finished manuscript to Mamontov’s typography in Moscow (3 August 1887) and asked Grot to hold the proofs; later editor of the 1913 collected edition that printed On Life from the surviving 1888 copy. 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Biographer; the source for the Beethoven-evening / triptych account; a correspondent during composition (the early “secret” letters). 1889-1899-resurrection: “Posha”; intermediary to the Doukhobor colony; recipient of progress reports on the novel and the emigration. 1889-1909-the-devil: Confidant and biographer; received the secret (1890) and Tolstoy’s own statement of the work’s autobiography. 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Tolstoy’s biographer and Posrednik associate; copyist and famine-relief manager at Begichevka, present for Tolstoy’s 9 September 1892 arrival after the Uzlovaya encounter (which his Biografiya describes); thought the rewritten conclusion (ch. XII) was really a separate work. 1890-1898-father-sergius: Witness to the conception (late 1889/Jan 1890); correspondent on the work’s progress; first biographer. 1894-1895-master-and-man: Tolstoy’s biographer and Posrednik associate (1860–1931); copyist of several redactions and Tolstoy’s proxy who wrote to Severny Vestnik on the day of Vanechka’s burial. 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Posrednik circle; copyist (per PSS apparatus); later edited the 1913 Russian collected edition that reprinted the work 1896-1904-hadji-murat: Biographer; source of the schoolboy-and-the-pastry anecdote about the embarrassment with which Tolstoy admitted writing Hadji Murat. 1897-1898-what-is-art: Correspondent during composition (the 11 Jan 1897 report of starting the treatise); editor of the 1913 Sytin PSS edition of the treatise. 1900-the-living-corpse: gave E. P. Gimer manuscripts to copy; Tolstoy’s 11–12 Oct 1887 letter to him advised E. P. Gimer not to leave her husband 1901-1902-what-is-religion: co-translator of the French edition (with J.-W. Bienstock, Paris 1902); biographer; received the completion announcement (31 Dec 1901) 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: “Posha” — Tolstoy’s friend and biographer; read the draft in spring 1908 for whether it said anything new and gave remarks Tolstoy used. (Vault page uses the transliteration “Pavel Birukoff”.) biryukov-sofia-relationship: Tolstoy’s disciple and authorized biographer; subject of the dive. (Vault file spells the name ‘Pavel Birukoff’.) copyright-renunciation: correspondent in the earliest sustained free-publication discussion (1885); later biographer crisis: biographer; the framing source is his Swedish ed. (Leo Tolstoj: Hans liv och verk) Book IV «Kritisk period» ch.14 «Krisen» p.262 — names the chapter ‘crisis’ while reporting Tolstoy’s denial of one (user-provided photograph) doukhobors: Sent to the Caucasus 1895 to verify the facts; wrote the article Tolstoy afterworded; co-signed «Help!» and was exiled. Tolstoy’s biographer. stories-for-the-people: Managed Posrednik’s St Petersburg warehouse from 1885; called the work «и разум, и воля, и сердце мое»; later Tolstoy’s biographer.
предложил изобразить эту сонату доступными всем трем средствами искусства. (working English) he proposed to depict this sonata by means accessible to all three arts. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
стал писать Крейцерову Сонату. Это пошло легко. (working English) began writing the Kreutzer Sonata. It went easily. — PSS Tom 64 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889-05-17
Чертков просил, чтобы я просил его взять на себя все дела по духоборческому делу и переводам Воскресения, и я сделал это. […] Воскресенье выйдет в России 13-го марта, так нужно для переводов — и, как кажется, право первого печатания продано в Англию и Америку. (working English) Chertkov asked me to ask him to take charge of all affairs relating to the Doukhobor matter and to the translations of Resurrection, and I have done so. […] Resurrection will appear in Russia on 13 March; that date is set for the sake of the translations — and, it seems, first-publication rights have been sold to England and America. — PSS Tom 71, pp. 347 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-12-16
связь с крестьянской женщиной из нашей деревни, до моей женитьбы, — на это есть намек в моем рассказе «Дьявол». (working English) a liaison with a peasant woman of our village, before my marriage — there is a hint of it in my story ‘The Devil.’ — PSS Tom 27, pp. 714-728 · 1889-1909-the-devil
у меня начаты еще другие художественные работы всё на тему половой любви (это секрет) (working English) I have also begun other artistic works, all on the theme of sexual love (this is a secret). — PSS Tom 65 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1890-01-17 (OS)
Статья разбита Чертковым на восемь частей The article was divided by Chertkov into eight parts — PSS commentary (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 246 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
В основу сюжета драмы «Живой труп» положены обстоятельства судебного дела супругов Н. С. и Е. П. Гимер (working English) “The plot of the drama The Living Corpse is founded on the circumstances of the court case of the spouses N. S. and E. P. Gimer…” (PSS Tom 34 commentary; the case was told to Tolstoy by N. V. Davydov, chairman of the Moscow District Court.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
В Дневнике под этим числом Толстой записал: «Думал о трех статьях... 3) что у нас, quasi-христиан, нет никакой религии». (working English) In the Diary under this date Tolstoy wrote: ‘Thought about three articles… 3) that we, quasi-Christians, have no religion at all.’ — PSS Tom 35, pp. 670–675 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1950
О религии кончил⁴ и на днях отправлю.⁵ (working English) On religion I have finished and will send it off in the coming days. — PSS Tom 73, pp. 179–180 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-12-31
Начал писать статью. Об упадке, безверии и непротивлении. Не очень дурно, но слабо. Began writing an article. On decline, unbelief and non-resistance. Not very bad, but weak. (working English) — PSS Tom 56, pp. 93–94 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-01-20
Он мне сделал много хороших замечаний, и я воспользовался He made me many good remarks, and I made use of them. (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-04-02
Ni har ock afvärjt mycken ofärd från hans hufvud. You have also averted much misfortune from his head. (working English) — source language Swedish. — Vol II front matter · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1908-01-11
S. A. Tolstojs arkiv. The archive of S. A. Tolstaya. (working English) — footnote sourcing the volume’s closing quotation; documentary sign of Sofia’s cooperation. — Vol II p. 453 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1908-08-27
правдивее даже, чем Руссо more truthful even than Rousseau. (working English) — PSS Tom 73, pp. 315 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1902-08-20
это была Арсеньева Валерия. Она теперь жива, за Волковым была, живет в Париже. that was Arsenyeva, Valeria. She is alive now, was married to Volkov, lives in Paris. (working English) — PSS Tom 74, pp. 319 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1903-11-27
Неужели только биография? Surely not just for the biography? (working English) — PSS Tom 82, pp. 172 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1910-09-01
- PSS Tom 63, pp. 295–298 · copyright-renunciation · 1885-10-19 — Earliest sustained discussion of free publication in the letters (the Posrednik / cheap-edition circle). Cited by id and PSS pages; not quoted verbatim because the clean extract of this early-volume pre-reform text renders unreliably (see needsReview).
Среди духоборов, или, скорее, христианского всемирного братства, как они теперь называют себя, происходит ведь не что-нибудь новое, а только произрастание того семени, которое посеяно Христом 1800 лет тому назад, — воскресение самого Христа. Among the Doukhobors — or rather the universal Christian brotherhood, as they now call themselves — what is taking place is nothing new, but only the sprouting of that seed which was sown by Christ 1,800 years ago: the resurrection of Christ himself. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 192–196 · doukhobors · 1896-12-26
Сколько бы ни набрасывали на горящую кучу хвороста дров, думая этим затушить огонь, — огонь, непотухающий огонь истины, только на время приглохнет, но разгорится еще сильнее и сожжет всё то, что наложено на него. However much firewood is thrown onto the burning heap of brush in the hope of putting the fire out, the fire — the unquenchable fire of truth — will only die down for a time, then blaze up the more strongly and burn everything that has been piled upon it. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 99–105 · doukhobors · 1895-10-01
только как можно избегайте нецензурного. Всё запрещают. (working English) …only avoid the uncensorable as far as you can. They are banning everything. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1886-12 (before 20) approx OS
Visuals: 4 (3 usable) — Pavel Ivanovich Biryukov, portrait, 1916 [PD], Maria (Masha) Lvovna Tolstaya, by P. Biryukov, Yasnaya Polyana 1895 [PD], Pavel Biryukov [PD], Pavel Biryukov [unknown]
Pavel Biryukov
person · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, fire-metaphor · names: P. I. Biryukov / Pavel Biryukov
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Tolstoy’s biographer and Posrednik associate; circulated the work and later edited the Sytin Полное собрание (1912–13) in which it appeared (from the Rusanov archive copy). fire-metaphor: Biographer who closed vol. II of his Tolstoy biography on the fire+light credo
что этот талант есть огонь, который только тогда огонь, когда он жжет. Я верю, что я — Ниневия по отношению к другим Ионам, от которых я узнал и узнаю истину, но что и я Иона по отношению к другим ниневитянам, которым я должен передать истину. that this talent is a fire which is only a fire when it burns. I believe that I am a Nineveh in relation to other Jonahs, from whom I have learned and learn the truth, but that I too am a Jonah in relation to other Ninevites, to whom I must pass the truth on. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 461 · fire-metaphor · 1884
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Pavel Ivanovich Biryukov, c.1913 [PD]
Pavel Boulanger
person · missing · dives: 1901-1902-what-is-religion, against-the-death-penalty, folk-tales · names: Pavel Boulanger / Pavel Boulanger (P. A. Boulanger)
1901-1902-what-is-religion: Tolstoyan; accompanied Tolstoy to Gaspra (Sept 1901); one of the scribes (dictation of late additions during pneumonia, Jan–Feb 1902); received two composition progress letters against-the-death-penalty: P. A. Boulanger, close associate; answered Chertkov on Tolstoy’s behalf about the edits to «Царю и его помощникам». Shared with the 1903-folk-tales dive. folk-tales: Close associate; wrote to Sholom Aleichem on Tolstoy’s behalf about the Russian editions and the copyright terms; helped compile the Круг чтения aphorisms.
В Дневнике под этим числом Толстой записал: «Думал о трех статьях... 3) что у нас, quasi-христиан, нет никакой религии». (working English) In the Diary under this date Tolstoy wrote: ‘Thought about three articles… 3) that we, quasi-Christians, have no religion at all.’ — PSS Tom 35, pp. 670–675 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1950
я не могу отступить от раз навсегда принятого мною правила предоставлять всем права печатания моих писаний. Отдаю я в пользу пострадавших поэтому только то, что могу отдать — право первого печатания. (working English) I cannot depart from the rule I once and for all adopted, of granting everyone the right to print my writings. I therefore give to the sufferers only what I can give — the right of first printing. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 182 · folk-tales · 1903-09-07
Ponyatie zhizni lecture
event · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: Tolstoy’s reading of an early version of the work to the Moscow Psychological Society at the University on 14 March 1887 (OS) — the session declared closed to limit the crowd; ~70 members; Tolstoy, anxious, arrived late and began ‘with the second part.’ Reported in stenographic excerpt by «Новое время» (No. 3973, 22 March 1887) and «Русские ведомости»; the «Новое время» stenogram is the PSS «Понятие жизни» text.
Одно «я» говорит: «Я хочу жить, жить вечно». (working English) One ‘I’ says: ‘I want to live, to live forever.’ — PSS Tom 26, pp. 881–885 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-03-14 (OS; lecture)
И потому всякий человек всегда движется от одного предела к другому, т. е. живет. Это-то движение и есть сама жизнь. (working English) And therefore every man always moves from the one limit to the other, that is, lives. This movement is life itself. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 881–885 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-03-14 (OS; lecture)
Posrednik
institution · missing · dives: folk-tales, krug-chtenija-tales, stories-for-the-people
folk-tales: The cheap-editions publisher (co-founded by Tolstoy/Chertkov, 1884) that issued the Russian first editions of the trio (1903–06). Proposed by the parent dive; extend with the 1903 editions. krug-chtenija-tales: The cheap-editions publisher (co-founded by Tolstoy/Chertkov, 1884) that issued Круг чтения and so all six tales’ first Russian printings. Proposed by the parent dives; extend with the anthology. stories-for-the-people: The cheap-editions publishing enterprise (founded from the 1883–84 Moscow meetings; Chertkov–Sytin operational partnership from late 1884; first booklets spring 1885) that carried the народные рассказы to a mass peasant readership at 1–1½ kopecks.
На русском языке сказки «Ассирийский царь Асархадон» и «Три вопроса» («Труд, смерть и болезнь» была запрещена цензурой) появились впервые в издании (working English) In Russian, the tales “Esarhaddon, King of Assyria” and “The Three Questions” (“Work, Death and Sickness” was banned by the censorship) first appeared in the edition… — PSS Tom 34, pp. 554–556 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
И. И. Горбунов-Посадов был признан виновным и присужден к заключению в крепости на один год. (working English) I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov was found guilty and sentenced to one year of imprisonment in a fortress. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 557–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Рассказ впервые был напечатан в качестве недельного чтения на 3 ноября во второй части второго тома «Круга чтения», вышедшего в свет в издательстве «Посредник» в конце ноября 1906 г., но помеченного на корешке 1907 г. (working English) The story was first printed, as the weekly reading for 3 November, in part 2 of the second volume of the Circle of Reading, issued by Posrednik at the end of November 1906 but dated 1907 on the spine. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 645–665 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Дело это, по моему, самое важное в мире, которому только может разумный человек посвятить свои силы. Дело — в духовном общении людей. Дело в распространении света истины. Дело — в единении людей около единой истины. (working English) This work is, in my view, the most important in the world to which a rational man can devote his powers. The work is the spiritual communion of people. The work is the spreading of the light of truth. The work is the uniting of people around a single truth. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 523–529 · stories-for-the-people · 1883-12/1884-02 approx
Надо признать то, что народ есть люди такие же, как мы, только их больше нас и они требовательнее и чутче к правде, и что потому все, что не совсем хорошо для нас, совсем дурно для народа. (working English) We must recognise that the people are people just like us, only there are more of them than us and they are more demanding and more sensitive to the truth; and that therefore everything that is not quite good for us is altogether bad for the people. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 523–529 · stories-for-the-people · 1883-12/1884-02 approx
Будьте так добры, попросите Сытина прислать мне всех вышедших Посредниковых книг по 50, но пожалуйста, скажите ему, чтобы не «даром», а за деньги (working English) Be so kind as to ask Sytin to send me 50 copies of every Posrednik book published — but please tell him, not ‘for free’, but for money. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1887-07/08 approx OS
Ждите, что ничего из этого не выйдет. Я очень желаю успеха, но постоянно себя осаживаю, т. е. сомневаюсь в успехе. (working English) Expect that nothing will come of this. I very much wish for success, but I constantly rein myself in — that is, I doubt the success. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1884-12-08 OS
Чтоб развязать поскорее грех, я предложил Сытину их взять. (working English) To untie the sin as quickly as possible, I proposed that Sytin take them. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-05-10/11 OS
чтобы ими заменять те, которые требуют в книжные лавки и земства, и чтобы Сытинския — наши шли глубже в народ (working English) …so that they replace those ordered by bookshops and zemstvos, and so that the Sytin ones — ours — go deeper into the people. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-05-10/11 OS
Сытину скажите, что он может печатать мои рассказы, но только как можно дешевле продавать их. (working English) Tell Sytin that he may print my stories, but only sell them as cheaply as possible. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-08-29/30 OS
Что Посредника и свою работу в нем вам покидать не надо. На мой взгляд это божье дело и вы делаете его волю. (working English) That you must not abandon Posrednik and your work in it. In my view it is God’s work, and you are doing His will. — PSS Tom 86 · stories-for-the-people · 1889-02-19/20 OS
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — 9 illustrations by N. I. Zhivoy for the 1903 Posrednik edition of «Асархадон» / «Три вопроса» [unknown]
Posrednik (The Intermediary)
institution · missing · dives: late-voice-encryption-compression
late-voice-encryption-compression: The cheap legal-Russian popular-publishing house (Chertkov/Gorbunov-Posadov) — the domestic, censored channel for the народные рассказы and the anthologies; the pole against which the abroad channel is defined.
Всё запрещают. They are banning everything. (working English) — PSS Tom 64 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1886
недурно бы в Чтения выбирать из запрещенных моих, когда нужно заменить it would not be a bad idea for the Readings to draw on my banned works when a replacement is needed (working English) — PSS Tom 76 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1905-09-25
Posthumous censorship of Hadji Murat (1912)
event · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat
1896-1904-hadji-murat: The 1912 first publication: the censored Moscow «Посмертные художественные произведения» (Belgard cut the Nicholas-I chapter from >10pp to 4½pp and excised the aul-destruction of ch. XVII) vs Chertkov’s uncensored Berlin (Ladyzhnikov) edition. State/dynasty censorship of a dead author.
император Николай I подвергается недопустимым, крайне грубым и оскорбительным для его памяти нападкам (working English) Emperor Nicholas I is subjected to impermissible, extremely crude attacks insulting to his memory. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 629-631 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1912
В. Г. Чертковым был напечатан «Хаджи-Мурат» полностью, с восстановлением всех цензурных пропусков. (working English) V. G. Chertkov printed Hadji Murat in full, with all the censorship omissions restored. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 629-631 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1912
Pozdnyshev
character · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: The novella’s narrator-murderer. prototypes[]: Leo Tolstoy (partial; basis: autobiographical, certainty: conjectured). Earns a character page (principal + narrator).
Это было полное сумасшествие! (working English) It was complete madness! — PSS Tom 27, pp. 7-78 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889
Половая страсть, как бы она ни была обставлена, есть зло, страшное зло, с которым надо бороться, а не поощрять, как у нас. (working English) Sexual passion, however it is arranged, is an evil, a terrible evil, which must be fought, not encouraged as it is among us. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 7-78 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889
у меня открылись глаза, и я увидал всё совсем в другом свете. (working English) my eyes were opened, and I saw everything in a completely different light. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 7-78 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889
Pozdnyshev’s wife
character · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: The murdered wife; unnamed in the text. Secondary character; may fold into the Pozdnyshev page under the tiering rule rather than stand alone.
изо всех сил ударил ее кинжалом в левый бок, ниже ребер. (working English) I struck her with all my strength with the dagger in the left side, below the ribs. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 7-78 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889
Вся драма повести, всё время не выходившая у меня, теперь ясна в голове. (working English) The whole drama of the story, which had never come clear for me, is now clear in my head. — PSS Tom 50, pp. 103-104 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889-07-04
Prayer (Tolstoy)
concept · missing · dives: 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Prayer reconceived as a means in the struggle with sins (occasional + hourly), not petition; grace and atonement rejected
молитва необходима не как средство избавления от мирских бедствий prayer is necessary not as a means of deliverance from worldly afflictions (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 186 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
молитва христианская бывает двоякая Christian prayer is of two kinds (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 186 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
Preface to Carpenter’s Modern Science
work · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Subject work — record-creating. The science twin of the What Is Art? religious-art test.
Людям надо жить. А для того, чтобы жить, им надо знать, как жить. И все люди всегда — плохо ли, хорошо ли — узнавали это и, сообразно с этим знанием, жили, двигались вперед, и это знание того, как должно жить людям, со времен Моисея, Солона, Конфуция считалось всегда наукой, самой наукой наук. (working English) People must live. And in order to live, they must know how to live. And all people have always — well or badly — learned this and, in accordance with this knowledge, lived and moved forward; and this knowledge of how people should live has, since the times of Moses, Solon, and Confucius, always been considered a science, the very science of sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
Более же выгодно изучать то, что может содействовать благосостоянию тех высших классов, к которым принадлежат люди, занимающиеся наукой; более же легко изучать всё не живое. (working English) It is more profitable to study what may contribute to the well-being of those upper classes to which the people engaged in science belong; and it is easier to study everything that is not living. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
Preface to the English Edition of What Is Art?
work · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Subject work — record-creating. Companion text to What Is Art?.
Книга эта моя «Что такое искусство?» выходит теперь в первый раз в ее настоящем виде. (working English) This book of mine, What Is Art?, now appears for the first time in its true form. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 204-206 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1898-03-29
уже некоторая доля ее цельности и искренности была вынута из нее (working English) already a certain part of its wholeness and sincerity had been taken out of it. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 204-206 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1898-03-29
Premiere of The Living Corpse (1911)
event · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: the posthumous premiere, 23 Sept (OS) / 6 Oct (NS) 1911, MAT — the reception story is the staging story
Впервые драма была опубликована в газете «Русское слово» 23 сентября 1911 г. (working English) “The drama was first published in the newspaper Russkoe Slovo on 23 September 1911 [OS], and simultaneously as a separate edition under V. G. Chertkov’s editorship.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 542 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Konstantin Stanislavski as Prince Abrezkov, MAT premiere, 1911 [PD]
Private property in land
concept · missing · dives: 1905-the-great-sin
1905-the-great-sin: The essay’s subject: land monopoly framed as «великий грех» — the surviving form of slavery, a present and ongoing sin, the root of poverty. The moral-religious framing of the land question, distinct from the economic ‘agrarian question.’
есть лишение большинства народа несомненного, естественного права каждого человека пользоваться частью той земли, на которой он родился is the deprivation of the majority of the people of the unquestionable, natural right of every man to use part of the land on which he was born (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 206 · 1905-the-great-sin
таково дело милитаризма, война, и таково самое близкое и настоятельное дело — частная земельная собственность such is the affair of militarism, war, and such is the nearest and most pressing matter — private land property (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 215 · 1905-the-great-sin
захват земли неработающими людьми есть великий грех the seizure of land by non-working people is the great sin (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 226 · 1905-the-great-sin
Professor Krugosvetlov (The Fruits of Enlightenment)
character · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The scientist who explains the séance phenomena as “the energy of mediumism” / a “spiritual ether” — the embodiment, in Tolstoy’s phrase, of the comic contradiction between strict scientific method and the most fantastical assertions. Even shown the fraud, he cannot be disabused.
Звездинцев и Сахатов, прототипами для которых послужили Н. А. Львов и П. Ф. Самарин. ... фамилия профессора звучала сначала Кутлер, затем Кутлеров, т. е. созвучно с фамилией знаменитого химика и в то же время спирита академика и профессора — А. М. Бутлерова (working English) “...Zvezdintsev and Sakhatov, whose prototypes were N. A. Lvov and P. F. Samarin. ...the professor’s surname sounded at first Kutler, then Kutlerov — i.e. consonant with the surname of the famous chemist and at the same time spiritualist, academician and professor A. M. Butlerov.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 655 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
один из таких новых, мало известных видов энергии и исследуется нами. Я говорю об энергии медиумизма. (working English) “...one of these new, little-known kinds of energy is what we are investigating. I speak of the energy of mediumism.” (Professor Krugosvetlov’s lecture, the séance, Act 3.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~200 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Да, как еще мы далеки от Европы! (working English) “Yes — how far we still are from Europe!” (Professor Krugosvetlov’s exit line, Act 4.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~248 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
может быть, она что-нибудь и делала, но то, что она делала, — делала она, то, что было проявлением медиумической энергии, — было проявлением медиумической энергии. (working English) “...maybe she did do something, but what she did, she did; and what was a manifestation of mediumic energy was a manifestation of mediumic energy.” (Professor Krugosvetlov, told the maid faked it all, Act 4.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~248 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
И главное мое с годами всё усиливающееся отвращение, от которого я не отрекаюсь, ко всяким суевериям, к которым я причисляю спиритизм. (working English) “And the main thing is my hatred, growing with the years, which I do not renounce, of every kind of superstition, among which I count spiritualism.” (To the zoologist-spiritualist N. P. Wagner, 25 March 1890.) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 51 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-03-25
Prokofy (The Forged Coupon)
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The wronged peasant who turns to robbery; carries the author-stated Larivon prototype. (Partly merged with the dvornik Vasily in the final text.)
Повели Ларивона в острог. They led Larivon off to prison. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 578 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1881
Сюжет — впечатления и история человека, бывшего в золотой роте и попавшего в сад караульщиком около господского дома, в котором он видит близко господскую жизнь и даже принимает в ней участие. A subject — the impressions and history of a man who had been in the punishment company and became a garden-watchman by a manor house, where he sees the gentry’s life up close and even takes part in it. (working English) — PSS Tom 52, pp. 47 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1891-07-31
Put zhizni
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: His last book; the keystone returns; the candle/divine-fire aphorisms
Как свеча не может гореть без огня, так человек не может жить без духовной силы. As a candle cannot burn without fire, so a person cannot live without spiritual force. (working English) — PSS Tom 45, pp. 13–496 · fire-metaphor · 1910
Если я растоплюсь на божьем огне, то бог оттиснет на мне свой образ. If I am melted in God’s fire, then God will stamp his image upon me. (working English) — PSS Tom 45, pp. 13–496 · fire-metaphor · 1910
«Огонь пришел я низвесть на землю: и как желал бы, чтобы он уже возгорелся» (Луки XII, 49). Но почему же огонь этот так медленно разгорается? “Fire I came to cast upon the earth: and how I would wish that it were already kindled” (Luke XII, 49). But why does this fire blaze up so slowly? (working English) — PSS Tom 45, pp. 13–496 · fire-metaphor · 1910
Pyotr Hansen
translator · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Danish translator; copied the Afterword five times (1–6 Apr 1890); his 6 April copy seeded the lithographed Afterword and he carried the manuscript to Petersburg.
написал к этому послесловие — его от меня требовали многие — Чертков в том числе (working English) I have written an afterword to it — many demanded it of me, Chertkov among them. — PSS Tom 65 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1890-04-06
Pyotr Nikolaevich Sventitsky
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The estate manager killed by peasants; the episode reproduces the real Stanislavsky killing of 1887.
Эпизод убийства крестьянами управляющего имением Петра Николаевича Свентицкого The episode of the peasants’ killing of the estate manager Pyotr Nikolaevich Sventitsky — commentary attribution. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 578 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1887-04-14
Pyotr Samarin
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Attendee of the Lvov séance; the prototype of the sceptic Sakhatov (his surname is the character’s draft name).
вертит блюдечко о земле крестьянам. Самарин неверующий. (working English) “[Lvov] spins the saucer about the peasants’ land. Samarin the unbeliever.” (The first plan of the comedy, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 433 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
спиритического сеанса, бывшего в Москве на квартире Н. А. Львова, куда Толстой был приглашен по собственной инициативе. (working English) “...a spiritualist séance held in Moscow at the flat of N. A. Lvov, to which Tolstoy had had himself invited on his own initiative.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 647 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
Pyotr Stolypin
person · missing · dives: 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, late-voice-encryption-compression
1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Prime Minister; named in draft №1 as one of ‘the two chief hidden executioners’ and cut from the published text. His field courts-martial (1906–07) and the post-1905 repression are the essay’s political context (‘Stolypin’s necktie’). late-voice-encryption-compression: Prime Minister; recipient of the 1909 ultimatum letter in which abroad-publication is named as a dated political weapon.
до вас, двух главных скрытных палачей, своим попустительством участвующих во всех этих преступлениях: Петру Столыпину и Николаю Романову. up to you, the two chief hidden executioners, who by your connivance take part in all these crimes: Pyotr Stolypin and Nikolai Romanov. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 393 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
Имена политических деятелей, фигурирующих в нем, он опустил и все резкие выражения по их адресу вычеркнул или же значительно смягчил. The names of the political figures appearing in it he omitted, and all the sharp expressions addressed to them he struck out or significantly softened. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
если в вашей деятельности не будет никакого изменения, письмо это будет напечатано за границей if there is no change in your conduct, this letter will be printed abroad (working English) — PSS Tom 80 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1909-08-30
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Pyotr Stolypin, Prime Minister, 1906 [PD]
Pyotr Verigin
person · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves, break-with-the-church, doukhobors · names: Pyotr Verigin / Pyotr Vasilevich Verigin
1904-bethink-yourselves: Doukhobor leader in Canada; recipient of Tolstoy’s mid-composition statement of the essay’s thesis. break-with-the-church: Exiled leader of the Doukhobors (the persecuted peasant sect Tolstoy championed); visited Tolstoy 4 Nov 1902 during the To the Clergy period, tying the church break to the sectarian-persecution cause that runs through «О веротерпимости» and the Tsar letter. doukhobors: Doukhobor leader; exiled to Arkhangelsk then Siberia; from exile urged literal Christianity. Emigrated to Canada 1902.
избавление от нее только в исповедании не на словах, а на деле учения Христа deliverance from it [war] lies only in professing the teaching of Christ — not in words, but in deed. (working English) — PSS Tom 75, pp. 56–58 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-03-03
С духоборцами случилось то, что обыкновенно случается с замыкающимися в самих себя и вследствие того процветающими религиозными общинами: материальное благосостояние их увеличивается, но религиозное сознание понижается. What happened with the Doukhobors is what usually happens with religious communities that close in upon themselves and prosper as a result: their material well-being increases, but their religious consciousness declines. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 209–215 · doukhobors · 1895-08-14
теперь же нельзя предоставлять одним врагам это могущественное орудие для обмана, и не пользоваться книгой или письмом для передачи своих мыслей и восприятия мыслей других людей but now one cannot leave this mighty instrument of deception to the enemies alone, and not make use of the book or the letter to convey one’s own thoughts and to receive the thoughts of others. (working English) — PSS Tom 68, pp. 262–266 · doukhobors · 1895-11-21
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Pyotr Verigin in British Columbia, 1907 [PD], Pyotr Verigin, portrait, 1922 [PD]
razumenie
concept · missing · dives: lords-prayer
lords-prayer: Tolstoy’s keyword: glory→разум in the prayer’s close, and разумение as the creditor in the debt gloss. The same concept the sibling fire-metaphor dive tracks (John 1 Logos → разумение).
Мы обязаны жизнью разумению, а не отдаем ему всю свою плотскую жизнь, и потому мы должники неоплатные. We owe our life to reason, yet do not give over to it our whole fleshly life, and so we are debtors who can never pay. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
А будет твоя власть, и сила, и разум. But there will be thy power, and strength, and reason. (working English) — Tolstoy’s meaning for the doxology (phrase 12 of 12) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · lords-prayer · 1881
Reason as the law of life
concept · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: The book’s keystone concept: reason (разум, разумное сознание) is not a human faculty but the law by which human life is accomplished, as organic law governs the plant — with the difference that man must himself enact it. Subordinating the animal personality to this law is true life.
Разум для человека тот закон, по которому совершается его жизнь (working English) Reason is for man the law by which his life is accomplished — PSS Tom 26, pp. 347 (гл. X) · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886–1887
Бессмертно только то, что не я. Разум — любовь — Бог — природа. (working English) Immortal is only that which is not-I. Reason — love — God — nature. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 127–129 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886-06-19 (OS)
Разум решает только основной вопрос как. (working English) Reason answers only the basic question: how. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 129 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-02-03 (OS)
Religious consciousness
concept · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: The criterion of GOOD art: feelings flowing from the highest religious consciousness of the age (brotherhood and loving union of all people). Links the aesthetics to What I Believe / The Kingdom of God.
Религиозное сознание нашего времени в самом общем практическом приложении его есть сознание того, что наше благо, и материальное и духовное, и отдельное и общее, и временное и вечное, заключается в братской жизни всех людей, в любовном единении нашем между собой. (working English) The religious consciousness of our time, in its most general practical application, is the consciousness that our good — material and spiritual, individual and common, temporal and eternal — lies in the brotherly life of all people, in our loving union with one another. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XVI · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
И потому христианское искусство нашего времени может быть и есть двух родов: 1) искусство, передающее чувства, вытекающие из религиозного сознания положения человека в мире, по отношению к Богу и ближнему, — искусство религиозное, и 2) искусство, передающее самые простые житейские чувства, такие, которые доступны всем людям всего мира, — искусство всемирное. (working English) And therefore the Christian art of our time can be and is of two kinds: (1) art transmitting feelings flowing from the religious consciousness of man’s position in the world, in relation to God and neighbour — religious art; and (2) art transmitting the very simplest feelings of everyday life, such as are accessible to all people of the whole world — universal art. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XVI · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Resurrection
work · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection, doukhobors · names: Resurrection (Воскресение) / Resurrection
1889-1899-resurrection: The novel itself — subject of this dive; record-creating workRecord. doukhobors: The 1899 novel whose royalties Tolstoy dedicated to the emigration — the single exception to his 1891 copyright renunciation.
Богослужение состояло в том, что священник, одевшись в особенную странную и очень неудобную парчевую одежду, вырезывал и раскладывал кусочки хлеба на блюдце и потом клал их в чашу с вином, произнося при этом различные имена и молитвы. (working English) The service consisted in this: the priest, having dressed in a peculiar, strange and very uncomfortable brocade garment, cut up and laid out little pieces of bread on a saucer and then put them into a cup of wine, pronouncing meanwhile various names and prayers. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
С этой ночи началась для Нехлюдова совсем новая жизнь, не столько потому, что он вступил в новые условия жизни, а потому, что всё, что случилось с ним с этих пор, получало для него совсем иное, чем прежде, значение. Чем кончится этот новый период его жизни, покажет будущее. (working English) From that night a wholly new life began for Nekhlyudov, not so much because he had entered new conditions of life, as because everything that happened to him from then on took on a wholly different meaning for him than before. How this new period of his life will end, the future will show. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
От главы XXXIX I части в Н. сохранилась только первая фраза: Началось богослужение., присоединенная к главе XXXVIII. Глава XL в Н. выпущена целиком. В связи с этим общее количество глав в первой части романа в Н. уменьшено на две. (working English) Of chapter XXXIX of Part I, only the first sentence survived in «Нива»: “The church service began.”, appended to chapter XXXVIII. Chapter XL was dropped entirely. As a result the total number of chapters in Part I of the novel in «Нива» is reduced by two. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 471-505 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1936
Решил отдать свои повести: Воскресение и Отец Сергий в печать для духоборов. […] Взялся за Воскресение, и сначала шло хорошо, но с тех пор как встревожили — два дня ничего не мог сделать. […] Приди и вселися в ны. Возбуди воскресение во мне. (working English) I decided to give my tales — Resurrection and Father Sergius — to print for the Doukhobors. […] I took up Resurrection and at first it went well, but from the moment I was disturbed — two days I could do nothing. […] Come and dwell within us. Kindle resurrection in me. — the entry fuses the novel’s title with a prayer. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 203-204 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-07-17
Кончил «Воскресение». Нехорошо. Не поправлено. Поспешно. Но отвалилось и не интересует более. (working English) I finished Resurrection. It is not good. Uncorrected. Rushed. But it has fallen away and no longer interests me. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 232-234 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899-12-18
Richard Wagner
person · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: The treatise’s exemplary ‘counterfeit’ artist; his Ring is the model bad-art exhibit (Ch XIII).
Вагнер с большим умением воспользовался всеми, долгой практикой ложного искусства выработанными, средствами подделки под искусство и составил образцовое поддельное произведение искусства. (working English) Wagner, with great skill, made use of all the means of counterfeiting art worked out by the long practice of false art, and composed a model counterfeit work of art. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch XIII · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Robert Owen
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Welsh social reformer; the first epigraph (via Morrison Davidson, The Annals of Toil, 1899)
Система, по которой действуют все народы мира, основана на самом грубом обмане, на самом глубоком невежестве или на соединении обоих (working English) The system on which all the peoples of the world act is founded on the grossest deception, on the deepest ignorance, or on a combination of the two. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 144 (epigraph) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Robert Owen (1771–1858), social reformer — first epigraph author [CC0]
Ruben Saillens
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: French Baptist preacher-author of “Le père Martin” (1882), the acknowledged source of «Где любовь, там и Бог»; recipient of Tolstoy’s «plagiat involontaire» letters (1888, 1899).
C’est ainsi, monsieur, qu’à mon grand regret je me suis rendu coupable envers vous d’un plagiat involontaire (working English) [from the French original] Thus it is, monsieur, that to my great regret I have made myself guilty toward you of an involuntary plagiarism. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1888-10 OS
il y a plus de 15 que je me suis dédit de tous mes droits d’auteur pour tous mes ouvrages parus après 1881 (working English) [from the French original] …for more than 15 [years] I have renounced all my author’s rights over all my works published after 1881. — PSS Tom 72 · stories-for-the-people · 1899-03-20 OS
Rumyantsev Museum
place · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession
1879-1882-a-confession: Where Tolstoy read and met Fedorov while wrestling with the questions that became A Confession.
Мне очень тяжело в Москве. (working English) Things are very hard for me in Moscow. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 80–83 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-11 (OS)
Running the gauntlet
concept · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: The military corporal punishment at the story’s climax: the condemned man marched between two files of soldiers who beat his bare back with rods (шпицрутены). Institutionalised under Nicholas I; abolished in the Russian army by Alexander II (1863), corporal punishment fully in 1904.
Он не говорил, а всхлипывал: «Братцы, помилосердуйте. Братцы, помилосердуйте». Но братцы не милосердовали (working English) He did not speak but sobbed: “Brothers, have mercy. Brothers, have mercy.” But the brothers showed no mercy. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 123 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
Это было что-то такое пестрое, мокрое, красное, неестественное, что я не поверил, чтобы это было тело человека. (working English) It was something so mottled, wet, red, unnatural, that I could not believe it was the body of a man. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 123 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
Немного подвигаюсь в Николае Павловиче. Задумал три новые вещи. Умирать пора, а я задумываю. 1) Рассказ о бале и сквозь строй (working English) Making a little progress on Nikolai Pavlovich [Nicholas I, i.e. Hadji Murat]. Conceived three new things. It is time to die, and I am conceiving things. 1) A story about a ball and running the gauntlet. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 177 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903-06-09
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — «сквозь строй» / running the gauntlet in Russia (Geoffroy, 1845) [PD], Imperial Kazan University, 1832 (the story’s setting) [PD], Der Spießrutenlauf (Oscar Rex, c. 1900) — the gauntlet painted [PD]
Russo-Japanese War
event · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: The 1904–1905 war (began 27 Jan 1904 OS / 9 Feb NS) that occasioned the essay and breaks into its later chapters (Port Arthur, the Yalu, the conscription call-up).
главный шанс успеха России в том, что у нее неистощимый человеческий материал Russia’s chief chance of success lies in the fact that it possesses an inexhaustible supply of human material. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Я кончал эту статью, когда пришло известие о погибели шестисот невинных жизней против Порт-Артура. I was finishing this article when news came of the destruction of six hundred innocent lives off Port Arthur. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Война, и сотни рассуждений о том, почему она, что она означает, что из неё будет и тому под. — Все — рассуждающие люди, от царя до последнего фурштата. War, and hundreds of disquisitions about why it is, what it means, what will come of it, and so on. Everyone reasons — from the tsar down to the lowliest baggage-train soldier. (working English) — PSS Tom 55, pp. 10–11 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-01-27
Rzhanov house
place · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Tenement complex near Smolensky Market in the Khamovniki ward — Tolstoy’s assigned census district, ‘a den of the most terrible poverty and vice’ (chs. IV ff.). Distinct from the Khitrovka doss-house district, which the book also passes through (ch. II, Хитров рынок).
Я всю жизнь прожил не в городе. Когда я в 1881 году переехал на житье в Москву, меня удивила городская бедность. (working English) I lived my whole life away from the city. When in 1881 I moved to Moscow to live, the city poverty astonished me. — PSS Tom 25, pp. 182 (ch. I) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
Sakhatov (The Fruits of Enlightenment)
character · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The urbane sceptic — a former deputy minister — who attends the séance unconvinced, catches Tanya’s thread, but “reserves his opinion.” The play’s on-stage doubter.
вертит блюдечко о земле крестьянам. Самарин неверующий. (working English) “[Lvov] spins the saucer about the peasants’ land. Samarin the unbeliever.” (The first plan of the comedy, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 433 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
Звездинцев и Сахатов, прототипами для которых послужили Н. А. Львов и П. Ф. Самарин. ... фамилия профессора звучала сначала Кутлер, затем Кутлеров, т. е. созвучно с фамилией знаменитого химика и в то же время спирита академика и профессора — А. М. Бутлерова (working English) “...Zvezdintsev and Sakhatov, whose prototypes were N. A. Lvov and P. F. Samarin. ...the professor’s surname sounded at first Kutler, then Kutlerov — i.e. consonant with the surname of the famous chemist and at the same time spiritualist, academician and professor A. M. Butlerov.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 655 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Semyon (The Fruits of Enlightenment)
character · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The healthy young buffet-peasant taken for a “medium”; Tanya’s betrothed and the unwitting instrument of the séance hoax. A son of the 2nd Peasant; returns to the village to marry Tanya.
Тем более, что лицом он очень похож на Юма. Вы помните Юма? — белокурый, наивный. (working English) “All the more so as in face he much resembles Home. You remember Home? — fair-haired, naïve.” (Leonid Fyodorovich, declaring the peasant-lad Semyon a medium, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~106 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
как бумага на стол падет — я еще в колокольчик позвоню, — так ты сейчас же руками вот так... Разведи шире и захватывай. Кто возле сидит, того и захватывай. А как захватишь, так жми. (working English) “...when the paper falls on the table — I’ll also ring the little bell — then at once with your hands like this... Spread them wide and grab. Whoever sits beside you, grab them. And once you’ve grabbed, squeeze.” (Tanya coaching Semyon for the séance, Act 3.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~183 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Sergei Maximov
person · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: Ethnographer (1831–1901); his «Сибирь и каторга» (1871) is the documentary source of За что? (the Migurski Polish-exile case and the gauntlet scenes). New person.
Альбина и Мигурский являются действительными личностями; сохранены не только их имена, но и события их жизни. (working English) Albina and Migurski are real persons; not only their names but the events of their lives are preserved. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 626–643 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus, B. M. Eikhenbaum)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — S. V. Maximov, portrait by I. E. Repin, 1890 (source-author of «За что?») [PD]
Sergei Nikolaev
person · missing · dives: 1905-the-great-sin
1905-the-great-sin: S. D. Nikolaev (1861–1920), Henry George’s foremost Russian translator (Posrednik); Tolstoy read George «по Николаеву» and drew The Great Sin’s George quotations from Nikolaev’s «Избранные речи и статьи Генри Джорджа» (Posrednik, 1904), incl. the George biography Nikolaev compiled. Tolstoy wrote the 1906 preface to Nikolaev’s Russian translation of George’s Social Problems. A key node in the Russian Georgist network; seeds P9. (Scholarship: Wenzer 1997.)
Мы толкуем об отмене рабства, но мы не отменили рабства, мы отменили лишь более грубую форму его: личное рабство We talk of the abolition of slavery, but we have not abolished slavery, we have only abolished its cruder form: personal slavery (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 210 · 1905-the-great-sin
очень хочется и изложение веры и о Генри Джорже, которого прочел по Николаеву и вновь восхищен I very much want both the exposition of faith and [to write] about Henry George, whom I read in Nikolaev’s [translation] and am again delighted by (working English) — PSS Tom 55 · 1905-the-great-sin · 1905-04-16
Sergei Nikolaevich Tolstoy
person · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: Tolstoy’s elder brother (1826–1904); his Kazan courtship of Varvara Koreysh is the love-plot prototype. CAUTION: distinct from the existing vault page «Sergei Tolstoy» (the SON, Sergei Lvovich, 1863–1947) — do not conflate; a new page.
веселый бал в Казани, влюблен в Корейшу красавицу, дочь воинского начальника[…]танцую с нею; ее красавец старик-отец ласково берет ее и идет мазурку. И на утро после влюбленной бессонной ночи звуки барабана и сквозь строй гонит татарина, и воинский начальник велит больней бить. (Очень бы хорошо) (working English) a gay ball in Kazan, in love with a Koreysh beauty, daughter of the military commander … I dance with her; her handsome old father tenderly takes her and dances the mazurka. And in the morning, after the love-struck sleepless night, the sounds of a drum, and he drives a Tatar through the gauntlet, and the military commander orders them to beat harder. (Would be very good.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Lev and Sergei Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, 1902 (last photo of the brothers together) [PD], Sergei Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1826–1904), elder brother — love-plot prototype [PD]
Sergei Stepnyak-Kravchinsky
person · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: Revolutionary émigré writer; his «Подпольная Россия» carried the Lizogub biography Tolstoy drew on for Svetlogub. Peripheral source-figure.
В Одессе 8 августа 1879 г. были повешены по обвинению в подготовке покушения на Александра II трое революционеров — Лизогуб, Чубаров и Давиденко. (working English) In Odessa on 8 August 1879 three revolutionaries — Lizogub, Chubarov and Davidenko — were hanged on a charge of preparing an attempt on Alexander II. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 645–665 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Sergei Tolstoy
person · stub · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites, doukhobors
art-aesthetics-satellites: Tolstoy’s eldest son (1863–1947); translated Carpenter’s ‘Modern Science’ into Russian (credited only as ‘edited by L. N. Tolstoy’). doukhobors: Tolstoy’s eldest son; accompanied the second and third emigration ships to Canada in his father’s stead.
распространено и укоренилось суеверие, по которому считается, что для блага человечества совсем не нужно распространение истинных религиозных и нравственных знаний, а нужно только изучение опытных наук (working English) [in Russian society there is] spread and rooted the superstition that for the good of mankind there is no need at all to spread true religious and moral knowledge, but only to study the experimental sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
Sholom Aleichem
person · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression · names: Sholom Aleichem (Solomon N. Rabinovich) / Sholom Aleichem (S. N. Rabinovich)
1903-after-the-ball: Yiddish writer (1859–1916); his April 1903 request for the Kishinev relief almanac is the story’s genesis occasion. Already routed by the 1903-folk-tales dive — same target page. folk-tales: Yiddish writer (1859–1916); editor of the «Гилф»/«Hilf» relief almanac; commissioned and translated the three tales. The dive’s principal new person. late-voice-encryption-compression: Recipient of the keystone letter (6 May 1903): the Yiddish writer who solicited a Kishinev-relief contribution and to whom Tolstoy named both the suppressed truth and the censorship that barred it.
виновник не только кишиневских ужасов, но всего того разлада, который поселяется в некоторой малой части — и не народной — русского населения[…]одно правительство. К сожалению, этого-то я не могу сказать в русском легальном издании. (working English) the culprit not only of the Kishinev horrors but of all the discord that settles into a certain small — and not popular — part of the Russian population … is the government alone. Unfortunately, this is just what I cannot say in a legal Russian publication. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 118-119 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903-05-06
Я очень рад буду содействовать вашему сборнику и постараюсь написать что-либо соответствующее обстоятельствам. (working English) I shall be very glad to contribute to your anthology and will try to write something suited to the circumstances. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 118–119 · folk-tales · 1903-05-06
виновник не только кишиневских ужасов, но всего того разлада, который поселяется в некоторой малой части — и не народной — русского населения[…]одно правительство. К сожалению, этого-то я не могу сказать в русском легальном издании. (working English) the culprit not only of the Kishinev horrors but of all that discord which settles into a certain small — and not popular — part of the Russian population … is the government alone. Unfortunately, this is just what I cannot say in a legal Russian publication. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 118–119 · folk-tales · 1903-05-06
для перевода их на жаргон и напечатания в еврейском Сборнике, издаваемом в пользу пострадавших в Кишиневе евреев. (working English) for translation into Yiddish [“the jargon”] and printing in the Jewish anthology published in aid of the Jews who suffered in Kishinev. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 165–166 · folk-tales · 1903-08-20
Я послал вам две сказки, отложив приготовленную для вашего Сборника третью[…]из боязни, что она будет запрещена. (working English) I sent you two tales, holding back the third I had prepared for your anthology … out of fear that it would be banned. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 166 · folk-tales · 1903-08-22
Мысль сказки Царь Ассархадон принадлежит не мне, а взята мною из сказки неизвестного автора, напечатанной в немецком журнале Theosophischer Wegweiser (working English) The idea of the tale “King Esarhaddon” is not mine but taken by me from a tale by an unknown author, printed in the German journal Theosophischer Wegweiser. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 167–168 · folk-tales · 1903-08-25
Сказка Das bist du так хороша, что желательно бы было познакомить с нею как можно больше людей, и потому я перевел ее и посылаю вам для перевода на жаргон и напечатание в Сборнике. (working English) The tale “Das bist du” is so good that it would be desirable to acquaint as many people as possible with it, and so I have translated it and am sending it to you for translation into Yiddish and printing in the anthology. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 167–168 · folk-tales · 1903-08-25
я не могу отступить от раз навсегда принятого мною правила предоставлять всем права печатания моих писаний. Отдаю я в пользу пострадавших поэтому только то, что могу отдать — право первого печатания. (working English) I cannot depart from the rule I once and for all adopted, of granting everyone the right to print my writings. I therefore give to the sufferers only what I can give — the right of first printing. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 182 · folk-tales · 1903-09-07
из боязни, что она будет запрещена out of fear that it would be banned (working English) — PSS Tom 74 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1903
этого-то я не могу сказать в русском легальном издании this is precisely what I cannot say in a legal Russian publication (working English) — PSS Tom 74, pp. 118–119 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1903-05-06
Visuals: 3 (2 usable) — Cover / title page of the «Гилф»/«Hilf» relief almanac (Warsaw, ed. Sholom Aleichem) [unknown], Sholom Aleichem (S. N. Rabinovich), portrait, 1907 [PD], Sholom Aleichem (S. N. Rabinovich) [PD]
Single tax
concept · missing · dives: 1905-the-great-sin
1905-the-great-sin: George’s remedy: tax the value of land (not labour or improvements) to dissolve the monopoly. Endorsed by Tolstoy as the best solution «при существующем государственном строе» — the node where his anti-statism meets a state fiscal mechanism. Central to P9.
при существующем государственном строе и обязательных податях невозможно придумать какого-либо другого лучшего, более справедливого, практического и мирного решения under the existing state structure and obligatory taxes it is impossible to devise any other better, more just, practical and peaceful solution (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 229 · 1905-the-great-sin
Single tax (Henry George)
concept · missing · dives: 1889-1899-resurrection
1889-1899-resurrection: The land-reform doctrine Nekhlyudov adopts in Part II; named in the novel as the source of the single-tax project. Peripheral.
А так как трудно распределить, кто кому должен платить, и так как на общественные нужды деньги собирать нужно, то и сделать так, чтобы тот, кто владеет землей, платил бы в общество на всякие нужды то, что его земля стоит. Так всем ровно будет. (working English) And since it is hard to work out who should pay whom, and since money has to be collected for common needs, then arrange it so that whoever owns land pays into the community, for all its needs, what his land is worth. So it will be equal for all. — PSS Tom 32, pp. 3-445 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899
Sinking of the Petropavlovsk
event · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: 13 Apr 1904 NS (31 Mar OS): the Russian flagship struck a mine off Port Arthur and sank; ~679 dead. The event that breaks into the finished essay at chapter XI.
Я кончал эту статью, когда пришло известие о погибели шестисот невинных жизней против Порт-Артура. I was finishing this article when news came of the destruction of six hundred innocent lives off Port Arthur. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (before its 1904 sinking) [PD]
Skomorokh Theatre
institution · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: M. V. Lentovsky’s people’s theatre (active 1882–1897), for whose stage the play was written; staged it 25 Oct 1895.
Так как с самого начала работы над пьесой Толстой предназначал ее для постановки на сцене народного театра (working English) “Since from the very beginning of work on the play Tolstoy intended it for staging on the people’s-theatre stage...” — PSS Tom 26, pp. 708 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
Smert Ivana Ilicha
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor
fire-metaphor: Fiction: life as light, death as its extinction («То свет был, а теперь мрак»)
То свет был, а теперь мрак. Once there was light, and now there is darkness. (working English) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · fire-metaphor · 1886
Soedinenie i perevod chetyrekh Evangelij
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor, gospel-translation, lords-prayer · names: The Gospel in Brief / The Four Gospels Harmonized (Соединение и перевод четырёх Евангелий) / Union and Translation of the Four Gospels (Соединение и перевод четырёх Евангелий)
fire-metaphor: The text where Tolstoy rewrites the Bible’s fire/light language; the special-attention source gospel-translation: The full harmony itself — the work this dive is about; composed 1880–81, first legal Russian printing 1957 (PSS Tom 24) lords-prayer: The full harmony — holds Version A (Matthew) and Version B (Luke) of the prayer plus the anti-petitionary commentary. Owned by the parent gospel-translation dive; here it is the source of the prayer renderings.
Я пришел сбросить огонь на землю. И как желаю, чтобы он разгорелся. I came to cast fire upon the earth. And how I wish that it would blaze up. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 292 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
Есть перерождение, через которое я должен пройти, и я томлюсь, пока оно не совершится. There is a rebirth through which I must pass, and I am in anguish until it is accomplished. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 292 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
была долина, в которой, принося жертву Молоху, жгли людей. В геенну отдать — значить сжечь. was a valley in which, offering sacrifice to Moloch, they burned people. To give over to Gehenna means to burn. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
Так же как свет в темноте светит, и темнота его не поглощает. Just as light shines in the darkness, and the darkness does not swallow it. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
И разумение-то жизни стало Бог. And the reason/understanding of life became God. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
9) Φῶς — свет — по всем контекстам означает истинное разумение жизни. 9) Φῶς — light — in all contexts means the true reason/understanding of life. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
он знал, что его учение — не учение, но искра, которая зажигает сознание Бога в сердцах людей и, раз загоревшись, не может потухнуть. he knew that his teaching was not a doctrine but a spark that kindles the consciousness of God in people’s hearts and, once lit, cannot go out. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
Тогда скажет тем, которые налево: идите от меня прочь вы, нелюбимые, в тьму внешнюю, Then he will say to those on the left: go away from me, you unloved ones, into the outer darkness, (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
Он говорил: очищаю вас водой, но после меня тот, кто сильнее меня, очистит вас духом. Когда он придет, он очистит вас, как хозяин очищает гумно свое: пшеницу соберет, а мякину сожжет. He said: I cleanse you with water, but after me the one stronger than me will cleanse you with spirit. When he comes, he will cleanse you as a master cleanses his threshing-floor: the wheat he will gather, and the chaff he will burn up. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
Кто пойдет за мной, тот не будет во тьме, а у того будет жизнь. Жизнь и свет одно и то же. Whoever follows me will not be in darkness, but will have life. Life and light are one and the same. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · fire-metaphor · 1881
Разумение — это свет истины. А свет светит в темноте, и темнота не может погасить его. Reason/understanding is the light of truth. And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness cannot extinguish it. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · fire-metaphor · 1881
Лук. XII, 49. Учение мое, как огонь, запалит мир. Luke XII, 49. My teaching, like fire, will set the world ablaze. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · fire-metaphor · 1881
Mon enseignement est comme le feu jeté dans le monde. Il fera beaucoup de ravages My teaching is like fire thrown into the world. It will do great damage [before it sets all men ablaze]. (working English) — source text is French — PSS Tom 24, pp. 941–969 · fire-metaphor · 1880-1881
учение истинное представляет как бы круг, которого все части одинаково определяют значение друг друга и для изучения которого безразлично начинание изучения с одного или другого места. the true teaching presents itself as a kind of circle, all of whose parts equally define one another’s meaning, and for the study of which it is a matter of indifference where one begins. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
я неизбежно был приведен к необходимости свести четыре Евангелия в одно, так как все они излагают, хотя и разноречиво, одни и те же события и одно и то же учение. I was inevitably led to the necessity of bringing the four Gospels together into one, since all of them set out, however divergently, the same events and the same teaching. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
Читал я по-гречески, на том языке, на котором оно есть у нас, и переводил так, как указывал смысл и лексиконы I read in Greek, the language in which we have it, and translated as the sense and the lexicons indicated. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
Попыток соединения Евангелий в одно было много, но те все, которые я знаю, — Arnolde, de Vence, Фаррара, Рейса, Гречулевича, — все они берут исторические основы соединения, и все они безуспешны There have been many attempts to combine the Gospels into one, but all those I know — Arnolde, de Vence, Farrar, Reuss, Grechulevich — all take historical bases for the combination, and all are unsuccessful. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
В православном вероучении я нашел изложение самых непонятных, кощунственных и безнравственных положений, не только не допускаемых разумом, но совершенно непостижимых и противных нравственности, и — никакого учения о жизни и о смысле ее. In the Orthodox creed I found an exposition of the most incomprehensible, blasphemous and immoral propositions — not only inadmissible to reason but utterly incomprehensible and contrary to morality — and no teaching whatever about life or its meaning. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
искусственные и, вероятно, неправильные филологические разъяснения, которые не только не усиливают убедительность общего смысла, но должны ослаблять ее. artificial and probably incorrect philological explanations, which not only fail to strengthen the persuasiveness of the general sense but must weaken it. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1902
обратился к изучению Евангелий. I turned to the study of the Gospels. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · gospel-translation · 1880-1881
неверно переведено: «насущный» — хлеб на этот день; слово это значит: необходимый. …wrongly translated ‘daily’ — bread for this day; this word means: necessary. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
И прости нам наши вины за то, что мы прощаем всякому, кто виноват перед нами. And forgive us our faults because we forgive everyone who is at fault before us. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
«Как на небе и на земле» я перевожу: «в тебе и во мне». ‘As in heaven and on earth’ I translate: ‘in thee and in me’. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Так вот как молитесь: Отец! Чтобы было твое царство. Пусть будет твоя воля в тебе и во мне. So pray thus: Father! That thy kingdom be. May thy will be in thee and in me. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Дай нам питание духа, то, которое дает жизнь. Give us the nourishment of the spirit, that which gives life. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Мы обязаны жизнью разумению, а не отдаем ему всю свою плотскую жизнь, и потому мы должники неоплатные. We owe our life to reason, yet do not give over to it our whole fleshly life, and so we are debtors who can never pay. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
И не взыскивай с нас всё, чем мы должны, потому что и мы не взыскиваем с тех, что нам должны. И не считайся с нами. And do not exact from us all that we owe, because we too do not exact from those who owe us. And do not reckon with us. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
И Иисус сказал им: когда молитесь, говорите: Отец! да будешь ты свят в нас, да объявится царство твое, т. е. да будет воля твоя; да сойдет в нас дух твой и очистит нас. And Jesus said to them: when you pray, say: Father! mayest thou be holy in us, may thy kingdom be made manifest, that is, may thy will be done; may thy spirit descend into us and cleanse us. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
слова: да сойдет дух твой в нас и очистит нас встречаются в цитатах древних церковных писателей. the words ‘may thy spirit descend into us and cleanse us’ are found in citations of ancient church writers. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Вся молитва должна состоять в желании царства Божия и в исполнении его правил, а все правила в том, чтобы не считать никого виновным, а всех любить и прощать. The whole prayer must consist in the desire for God’s kingdom and in the fulfilment of its rules, and all the rules are: to hold no one guilty, but to love and forgive everyone. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Как еще яснее сказать, что не нужно молиться? How could it be said more plainly that one must not pray? (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 7–798 · lords-prayer · 1880-1881
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Gospel harmony, Luke 12:49-50 — Tolstoy’s translation beside the standard text (PSS Tom 24, printed p.292) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, half-length portrait, 1880 — the year he began the harmony [PD]
Solomon Minor
person · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Moscow rabbi (1826–1900) with whom Tolstoy studied Hebrew and read the Bible; the «еврейский раввин» of ch. II who asks whether Christians actually turn the other cheek.
Личная моя жизнь переплетена с общей государственной, а государственная требует от меня нехристианской деятельности, прямо противной заповеди Христа. (working English) My personal life is interwoven with the common life of the state, and the state demands of me un-Christian activity directly contrary to Christ’s commandment. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. III · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Sophia Tolstaya
person · exists · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, biryukov-sofia-relationship, break-with-the-church, copyright-renunciation, gospel-translation · names: S. A. Tolstaya (Sofia Andreyevna) / S. A. Tolstaya / Sophia Tolstaya / Sofia Andreevna Tolstaya / Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya / Sofia Tolstaya
1879-1882-a-confession: Wife; copyist of several manuscripts; diarist of the crisis; sought to publish the work in her collected editions (1885, 1911). 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Wife; one of four copyists of the typesetting manuscript; her 1883 letters to T. A. Kuzminskaya are the running chronicle of the writing (‘Левочка всё пишет свои евангельские сочинения’). 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Wife; copyist of the typesetting manuscript; preparer of the 5th edition (vol. 12) that carried the first cut full Russian text, and the petitioner who went to Petersburg to plead with the censorship for it. Also the one who objected to the book’s critical naming of family members and obtained the removal of those personal instances. 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Commissioned the work for her edition; copyist of the final fair copy; recipient of the Oct–Dec 1885 progress letters 1886-1887-on-life: Wife; copyist of the manuscript through its many redactions, and the book’s first translator — she rendered it into French as De la vie (begun November 1887, edited by Prof. Tastevin, Paris 1889). She reported the transfer to the spiritual censorship and the ban. 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Copied the play as Tolstoy wrote it; her diary dates the acts; her reminiscences and her appeal to Feoktistov are a primary source for the censorship struggle; printed it in her collected editions. 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Wife; copyist of both texts; the reading that helped clarify the drama (4 Jul 1889); and the person who secured publication via audience with Alexander III (1891). The wounded reader who nonetheless drove the work into print; later wrote two counter-fictions. 1889-1909-the-devil: Tolstoy’s wife; the figure the secrecy was built around. Discovered the manuscript in 1909 (the marital crisis). The work’s earliest charged reader. (Vault page: «Sophia Tolstaya».) 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Wife; a copyist of the conclusion (her hand on the fourth copy), anxious about the danger the book posed; in 1911 she was the editor who first printed the treatise within a Russian collected edition (12th ed., uncut). 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Wife; proposed sending the essay to Suttner’s journal; recipient of the clearest thesis-statement letter (3 Feb 1894) 1894-1895-master-and-man: Tolstoy’s wife (1844–1919), administrator of the family’s publishing rights and editor of the collected-works vol. 14 in which the story first appeared in book form; the publication crisis (her objection to the gift to Severny Vestnik, her jealousy of Gurevich, her near-suicidal distress) ran in parallel with Vanechka’s fatal illness. 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Wife; progress confidante and (per PSS apparatus) a copyist; received the ‘finished in rough … if I die’ news 1896-1904-hadji-murat: Wife; her 1896 letter attests the secrecy of the work; she held the Caucasus source-books at Yasnaya Polyana during the 1899–1900 fallow. biryukov-sofia-relationship: Dedicatee of Vol II; archive-keeper; vetoed the Arsenyeva letters; seized the 1910 diary. (Vault file spells the name ‘Sophia Tolstaya’.) break-with-the-church: Tolstoy’s wife; wrote protest letters to both Pobedonostsev and Metropolitan Antony after the edict (Feb–March 1901); Antony replied, but his answer did not satisfy her and Tolstoy did not read it. Extend the existing page with the 1901 protest. copyright-renunciation: opposed the 1891 renunciation; redacted 19 lines of the 22 July 1891 diary entry gospel-translation: Tolstoy’s wife; her diaries are the primary witness to the work’s domestic strain. The dive’s evidence COMPLICATES the ‘domestic-tragedy’ frame (she names the cause yet accepts it as God’s will)
Прошел месяц — самый мучительный в моей жизни. Переезд в Москву. (working English) A month has passed — the most agonizing of my life. The move to Moscow. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 58 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-10-05 (OS)
описаніе простой смерти простого человѣка (working English) a description of the simple death of a simple man, describing it from within him. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 282–283 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1885-08-20 (OS, approx.)
весь поглощен теперь этой работой, уже тянущейся несколько лет (working English) wholly absorbed now in this work, already dragging on for several years (and now nearing its end). — PSS Tom 83, pp. 336 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1885-10-23 (OS)
Левочка написал 1-е действие драмы. Я буду переписывать (working English) “Lyovochka has written the 1st act of the drama. I shall copy it.” (S. A. Tolstaya’s diary, 26 October 1886 [OS].) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 708 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886-10-26
огромное количество искажений (около 200) (working English) an enormous quantity of distortions (about 200) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
добилась с государем свидания, которое произошло 13 апреля в Петербурге. (working English) obtained an audience with the Sovereign, which took place on 13 April [1891] in Petersburg. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Вся драма повести, всё время не выходившая у меня, теперь ясна в голове. (working English) The whole drama of the story, which had never come clear for me, is now clear in my head. — PSS Tom 50, pp. 103-104 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889-07-04
была у государя, и он разрешил напечатать «Крейцерову Сонату». (working English) she had an audience with the sovereign, and he permitted the printing of The Kreutzer Sonata. — PSS Tom 65 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1891-05-22
Оказывается, она читала «Дьявол», и в ней поднялись старые дрожжи (working English) It turns out she had read ‘The Devil,’ and the old yeast rose in her. — PSS Tom 57, pp. 66 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1909-05-13 (OS)
Всё тот же так называемый Тулон, в котором я был вовлечен в разъяснения вопроса «патриотизма», и это очень интересно и, мне думается, ново и нужно, т. е. доказательство лжи и вреда этого патриотизма. (working English) Still the same so-called Toulon, in which I was drawn into clarifying the question of ‘patriotism’ — and it is very interesting and, I think, new and necessary: the demonstration of the lie and harm of this patriotism. — PSS Tom 84, pp. 209–210 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-02-03 (OS)
почти безумный припадок (working English) an almost insane fit [of jealousy of Gurevich]… She was close to suicide — PSS Tom 68, pp. 32-33 · 1894-1895-master-and-man · 1895-02-14
если умру, не исправив if I die without correcting it [they will still understand what I wanted to say] (working English) — PSS Tom 84 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1896-09-26
но он не говорит о чем именно и скрывает старательно (working English) but he won’t say about what exactly, and conceals it carefully. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 583-629 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-09-05
Ni har ock afvärjt mycken ofärd från hans hufvud. You have also averted much misfortune from his head. (working English) — source language Swedish. — Vol II front matter · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1908-01-11
Соня без меня читала этот дневник, и ее очень огорчило то, что из него могут потом заключить о том, что она была нехорошей женой. Sonya read this diary while I was away, and it grieved her greatly that from it people might later conclude she had been a bad wife. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 132 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1897-02-04
нашла и унесла мой дневник маленький. [she] found and carried off my little diary. (working English) — reconstructed from TEI reg, cross-checked vs facsimile. — PSS Tom 58, pp. 141 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1910-10-13
Софья Андреевна всё так же любит вас, чему я очень радуюсь. Sofia Andreevna loves you just as before, at which I greatly rejoice. (working English) — PSS Tom 70, pp. 57 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1897-03-12
протестовала против писем Арсеньевой. [Sofia Andreevna] protested against the Arsenyeva letters. (working English) — PSS Tom 76, pp. 65 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1905-10-18
почти душевно больна — ненависть к Черткову, ревность к нему, и мне очень трудно. almost mentally ill — hatred of Chertkov, jealousy of him, and it is very hard for me. (working English) — PSS Tom 82, pp. 95 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1910-07-19
И вчера же был разговор с женой о напечатании письма в газетах об отказе от права авторской собственности. Трудно вспомнить, а главное, описать всё, что тут было: [Вымарано 19 строк.] And yesterday too there was a conversation with my wife about printing in the newspapers the letter renouncing the right of literary property. It is difficult to recall, and chiefly to describe, everything that was said: [19 lines erased.] (working English) — PSS Tom 52, pp. 45–47 · copyright-renunciation · 1891-07-22
Чувствую себя работающей машиной, хотелось бы жизни немного для себя, да нет ее. I feel like a working machine; I would like a little life for myself, but there is none. (working English) — gospel-translation · 1878-11-10
он вял, молчалив и сосредоточен. Все читает. he is listless, silent and absorbed. He keeps reading. (working English) — gospel-translation · 1878-10-18
Он много пишет о религиозном. He writes a great deal about the religious. (working English) — gospel-translation · 1879-12-18
его христианское настроение слишком не уживается с условиями роскоши, тунеядства, борьбы городской жизни. his Christian mood is too incompatible with the conditions of luxury, idleness and the struggle of city life. (working English) — gospel-translation · 1882-02-28
Он сегодня громко вскрикнул, что самая страстная мысль его о том, чтоб уйти от семьи. [...] Он проникся христианством и мыслями о самосовершенствованье. Я ревную его... Today he cried out aloud that his most passionate thought is to leave the family. […] He has become imbued with Christianity and with thoughts of self-perfection. I am jealous of it… (working English) — gospel-translation · 1882-08-26
эта работа нескончаемая, потому что не может быть напечатана. this work is endless, because it cannot be printed. (working English) — gospel-translation · 1883-03-05
Visuals: 10 (10 usable) — Nikolai Ge, Portrait of Sofia Andreyevna Tolstaya (1886) [PD], Sofia Andreevna Tolstaya, 1908 [PD], Sofia Tolstaya (formal portrait) [PD], Sofia Tolstaya (oil, N. Ge 1886) [PD], Leo and Sofia Tolstoy, 1910 [PD], Leo and Sofia Tolstoy, 19 Sept 1910 [PD], Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya, c.1900 [PD], Sofia Andreevna Tolstaya, photograph c.1875 (the ‘before’) [PD], The Tolstoy family — Nikolai Ge, 1886 [PD], Tolstoy with his wife, a son, and a dog at Yasnaya Polyana, c.1880s [PD]
Spiritual crisis (perevorot)
concept · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession
1879-1882-a-confession: The transformation A Confession narrates; Tolstoy’s own word was «переворот», not ‘crisis’/’conversion’.
Эти остановки жизни выражались всегда одинаковыми вопросами: Зачем? Ну, а потом? (working English) These stoppages of life always expressed themselves in the same questions: Why? And then what? — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. III · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1879–1882
Жизнь моя остановилась. Я мог дышать, есть, пить, спать, и не мог не дышать, не есть, не пить, не спать; но жизни не было, потому что не было таких желаний, удовлетворение которых я находил бы разумным. (working English) My life came to a stop. I could breathe, eat, drink, sleep, and could not help breathing, eating, drinking, sleeping; but there was no life, because there were no desires whose satisfaction I found reasonable. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. IV · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1879–1882
перемена, о которой я говорю в «Исповеди», произошла не сразу, но что те же идеи, которые яснее выражены в моих последних произведениях, находятся в зародыше в более ранних. (working English) the change I speak of in The Confession did not happen all at once, but the same ideas, expressed more clearly in my later works, are present in embryo in the earlier ones. — PSS Tom 66, pp. 188–189 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1892-04-01 (OS)
Spiritualism
concept · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The 1860s–80s Russian séance vogue — mediums, the “spiritual ether,” scientist-believers (Butlerov, Wagner) against the sceptic Mendeleev — which Tolstoy satirised as the type-specimen of superstition surviving among the educated classes. The play’s central target and the irony of its title.
Но мы и не требуем веры. Мы требуем исследованья. (working English) “But we do not require faith. We require investigation.” (Leonid Fyodorovich Zvezdintsev to the sceptic Sakhatov, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~118 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Народные суеверия, грубые, истребляются, суеверия домовых, колдунов, ведьм... А ведь если вникнуть, ведь это такое же суеверие. (working English) “Folk superstitions — coarse ones — are being stamped out: the superstitions of house-spirits, sorcerers, witches... And yet, if you look into it, this [spiritualism] is just the same kind of superstition.” (Fyodor Ivanych, the valet, alone, Act 3.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~170 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
один из таких новых, мало известных видов энергии и исследуется нами. Я говорю об энергии медиумизма. (working English) “...one of these new, little-known kinds of energy is what we are investigating. I speak of the energy of mediumism.” (Professor Krugosvetlov’s lecture, the séance, Act 3.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~200 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
не только среди неученых, но и среди, ученых классов (пример — спиритизм) (working English) “...not only among the unlearned but among the educated classes too (example — spiritualism).” (To A. I. Apollov, 22 February 1890.) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 23 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-02-22
И главное мое с годами всё усиливающееся отвращение, от которого я не отрекаюсь, ко всяким суевериям, к которым я причисляю спиритизм. (working English) “And the main thing is my hatred, growing with the years, which I do not renounce, of every kind of superstition, among which I count spiritualism.” (To the zoologist-spiritualist N. P. Wagner, 25 March 1890.) — PSS Tom 65, pp. 51 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890-03-25
State Tolstoy Museum
institution · missing · dives: copyright-renunciation
copyright-renunciation: holds the diary and letter manuscripts cited here (manuscript fond, the ‘steel room’)
4) Право на издание моих сочинений прежних: десяти томов и азбуки прошу моих наследников передать обществу, т. е. отказаться от авторского права. Но только прошу об этом и никак не завещаю. […] То, что сочинения мои продавались эти последние 10 лет, было самым тяжелым для меня делом в жизни. 4) I ask my heirs to hand over to the public the right of publication of my earlier works — the ten volumes and the Azbuka — that is, to renounce the copyright. But I only ask this and in no way bequeath it. […] That my writings have been sold during these last ten years was the heaviest thing in my life. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 14–18 · copyright-renunciation · 1895-03-27
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — State Tolstoy Museum digital collection (manuscripts, photographs, portraits) [rights-reserved]
Stepan Makarov
person · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: Vice-admiral commanding the Pacific squadron; drowned when the Petropavlovsk sank. Named in chapter XI.
Я кончал эту статью, когда пришло известие о погибели шестисот невинных жизней против Порт-Артура. I was finishing this article when news came of the destruction of six hundred innocent lives off Port Arthur. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Vice-Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov [PD]
Stepan Pelageyushkin
character · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The murderer whose chain of killing ends at the non-resisting Maria Semyonovna and reverses into the chain of good; the novella’s pivot.
но она не подняла рук, не противилась и только прижала их к груди и тяжело вздохнула but she did not raise her hands, did not resist, and only pressed them to her breast and sighed heavily. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 32 (ch XXIII) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
И с этого времени Степан стал другим человеком. And from that time Stepan became a different man. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 37 (Part II ch III) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
— Оттого что понял, что все люди братья. — Because I understood that all men are brothers. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 39 (Part II ch VI) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
Как хороша могла бы быть история об убийце, раскаявшемся на незащищавшейся женщине. How fine the story of a murderer who repents over an undefended woman could be. (working English) — PSS Tom 50, pp. 86–87 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1889-05-29
stepanida
character · missing · dives: 1889-1909-the-devil
1889-1909-the-devil: Principal — the peasant woman. Prototype: Aksinya Bazykina (author-stated/documented). The text withholds her interiority; the dive resists reading her as the title’s ‘devil’.
Он подошел к ней и, оглядываясь, коснулся ее. (working English) He went up to her and, looking around, touched her. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 485 (ch. III) · 1889-1909-the-devil
Он подошел вплоть к ней, вынул из кармана револьвер и раз, два, три раза выстрелил ей в спину. (working English) He went right up to her, took the revolver from his pocket, and fired into her back — one, two, three times. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 517 (variant ending) · 1889-1909-the-devil · c. 1909
Да нет никакого Бога. Есть дьявол. И это она. Он овладел мной. А я не хочу, не хочу. Дьявол, да, дьявол (working English) No — there is no God. There is a devil, and it is she. He has taken possession of me. And I do not want this, I do not want it. The devil, yes, the devil. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 517 (variant ending) · 1889-1909-the-devil · c. 1909
Stories for the People
concept · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: The genre-set itself: Tolstoy’s moral parables for the popular reader, 1881–1887 — the lived practice of “art for the people” a decade before What Is Art?.
Чтобы была правда в том, что описываешь, надо писать не то, что есть, а то, что должно быть, описывать не правду того, что есть, а правду царствия Божия, которое близится к нам, но которого еще нет. (working English) For there to be truth in what you describe, you must write not what is, but what ought to be — describe not the truth of what is, but the truth of the Kingdom of God, which is drawing near to us but is not yet. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 307–309 · stories-for-the-people · 1886
Какие бы чудеса ни описывались, какие бы звери ни разговаривали по-людски, какие бы ковры самолеты ни переносили людей, — и легенды, и притчи, и сказки будут правда, если в них будет правда царствия Божия. (working English) Whatever miracles are described, whatever beasts speak in human tongue, whatever flying carpets carry people — legends, parables and fairy tales will be truth, if the truth of the Kingdom of God is in them. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 307–309 · stories-for-the-people · 1886
Думал о своих неудачных попытках романа из народного быта. Что за нелепость?! Задаться мыслью написать сочинение, в котором первое место бы занимала любовь, а действующие лица были бы мужики, т. е. люди, у которых любовь занимает не только не первое место, но у которых и нет той похотливой любви, о которой требуется писать. (working English) Thought about my failed attempts at a novel of peasant life. What an absurdity! To set out to write a work in which love would take first place, with peasants as the characters — that is, people for whom love not only does not take first place, but who do not even have that lustful love one is required to write about. — PSS Tom 49 · stories-for-the-people · 1883-06-11 OS
Я не могу вам вкратце выразить то, что я считаю нужным для писания, иначе, как указав вам на мои народные рассказы последнего времени и на предисловие к «Цветнику» (working English) I cannot briefly express to you what I consider necessary for writing, other than by pointing you to my recent stories for the people and to the preface to Tsvetnik. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1887-04-21 OS
Получил листовки, высланные вами Саше, и очень заинтересовался ими. Разобрал их на четыре сорта: самые хорошие, хорошие, посредственные и плохие. (working English) I received the leaflets you sent to Sasha and became very interested in them. I sorted them into four grades: the very good, the good, the mediocre and the bad. — PSS Tom 82, pp. 206–210 · stories-for-the-people · 1910-10-24 OS
Мой муж, Лев Николаевич Толстой, отказывается от авторского права на последние сочинения свои, предоставляя желающим безвозмездно печатать и издавать их. Сочинения эти следующие: Чем люди живы. Упустишь огонь не потушишь. Свечка. (working English) My husband, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, renounces the author’s right to his latest works, granting anyone who wishes to print and publish them without payment. These works are the following: What Men Live By. A Spark Neglected. The Candle. — PSS Tom 84 · stories-for-the-people · 1891-07-11 OS
Все это или почти все не хорошо. Я постараюсь придумать лучше. (working English) All of this, or almost all, is not good. I will try to think up better. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-10-15/16 OS
Svobodnoe Slovo
institution · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, break-with-the-church · names: Free Word Press (Svobodnoe Slovo) / «Свободное слово» (Free Word Press) / «Свободное слово» (Svobodnoe Slovo / Free Word)
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Chertkov’s émigré publishing house in England; first publisher of the work (1900) 1901-1902-what-is-religion: publisher of the essay’s first edition (No. 75, Christchurch, Hants, 1902) break-with-the-church: V. G. Chertkov’s émigré press at Christchurch, England — first publisher of the complete Reply, To the Clergy, On Religious Tolerance, and The Restoration of Hell, all banned in Russia. The publication channel of the whole cluster. (Distinct from the English-language Free Age Press partner.)
В Дневнике под этим числом Толстой записал: «Думал о трех статьях... 3) что у нас, quasi-христиан, нет никакой религии». (working English) In the Diary under this date Tolstoy wrote: ‘Thought about three articles… 3) that we, quasi-Christians, have no religion at all.’ — PSS Tom 35, pp. 670–675 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1950
Я совершенно согласен с тем, что вы пишете. Я понемногу приходил к этому убеждению и теперь пришел окончательно, что и выразил в своей статье «Что такое религия и в чем ее сущность?», которая теперь, вероятно, печатается у Черткова. (working English) I entirely agree with what you write. I was gradually coming to this conviction and have now arrived at it definitively, which I expressed in my article ‘What Is Religion and What Is Its Essence?’, which is now, probably, being printed at Chertkov’s. — PSS Tom 73, pp. 201–203 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1902-01-20
Дальнейшая перепечатка статьи была запрещена духовной цензурой. (working English) Further reprinting of the article was forbidden by the spiritual [ecclesiastical] censorship. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575–577 · break-with-the-church · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Svobodnoe Slovo (Free Word) 1900 first edition title page [unknown]
Svobodnoe Slovo (Free Age Press)
institution · missing · dives: late-voice-encryption-compression
late-voice-encryption-compression: Chertkov’s émigré publishing operation in England (also «Листки Свободного слова», the Free Age Press). The physical channel that published the uncensored complete texts abroad-first; the destination of «не пройдет в России, но может быть напечатано за границей».
легенда «Разрушение ада и восстановление его» впервые появилась только в 1917 г. the legend ‘The Destruction of Hell…’ first appeared [in Russia] only in 1917 (working English) — PSS Tom 34 · late-voice-encryption-compression
я послал вчера для напечатания I sent it yesterday for printing [in «Свободное слово», abroad] (working English) — PSS Tom 75 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1905-01-24
не пройдет в России, но может быть напечатано за границей will not get through in Russia, but can be printed abroad (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1905-04-17
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Free Age Press — Tolstoy’s Pamphlets (title page) [PD]
Swami Vivekananda
person · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: Named in the letter’s third epigraph (the Vedanta gloss) and then named dismissively in the body — “your Vivekanandas, Baba Bharatis, and others” — as an interpreter India does not need. Tolstoy’s critique of the Vedanta-as-universal-system project. (1863–1902.)
Всё, что существует, едино: люди только называют это единое разными именами. All that exists is One; people only call this One by different names. (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Для того, чтобы спасти тонущий корабль, надо выбросить из него тот балласт, который если и был, может быть, когда-нибудь нужен, теперь губит его. In order to save a sinking ship it is necessary to throw overboard the ballast, which though it might have been indispensable at one time, would now cause destruction. (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Synod ban of On Life
event · missing · dives: 1886-1887-on-life
1886-1887-on-life: The Moscow Spiritual Censorship Committee reviewed the printed 1888 edition, reported to the Holy Synod (25 Jan 1888 OS, No. 126) that Tolstoy set up as guide «не слово Божие, а единственно и исключительно человеческий разум», and on 5 April 1888 (OS) the Synod ordered the typography to surrender all 600 copies for destruction.
Книга «о жизни» всё в духовной цензуре. Едва ли пропустят. (working English) The book ‘On Life’ is still in the spiritual censorship. They will hardly pass it. — PSS Tom 64, pp. 138 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1888-01-24 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — «Сочинения графа Л. Н. Толстого. Часть тринадцатая. О жизни», Москва, тип. А. И. Мамонтова, 1888 [unknown]
Séance at Lvov’s flat
event · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The Moscow spiritualist séance (≤1886) Tolstoy attended on his own initiative — the seed of the play. Failed; confirmed his scorn for spiritualism.
что верить в то, что из моей трости, если я ее пососу, потечет молоко, чего никогда не было и быть не может (working English) “...[it is just the same] as believing that if I suck my walking-stick, milk will flow from it — which has never happened and cannot happen.” (Tolstoy before the séance, reported by N. V. Davydov.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 647 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
спиритического сеанса, бывшего в Москве на квартире Н. А. Львова, куда Толстой был приглашен по собственной инициативе. (working English) “...a spiritualist séance held in Moscow at the flat of N. A. Lvov, to which Tolstoy had had himself invited on his own initiative.” (Editorial commentary.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 647 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1886
Tanya (The Fruits of Enlightenment)
character · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The young maid — an orphan of the peasants’ own village, in love with the peasant-lad Semyon — who engineers the land sale by faking the séance phenomena. The play’s practical, decent intelligence; its protagonist and the title of its first redaction («Исхитрилась!» = “she contrived it”).
Поверил, поверил! (Взвизгивает, прыгает.) Ей-Богу, поверил! Вот чудо-то! (Взвизгивает.) Теперь сделаю, только бы Семен не сробел. (working English) “He believed me, he believed me! (Squeals, jumps.) By God, he believed me! What a wonder! (Squeals.) Now I’ll do it, if only Semyon doesn’t lose his nerve.” (The maid Tanya, alone, Act 1.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~135 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
как бумага на стол падет — я еще в колокольчик позвоню, — так ты сейчас же руками вот так... Разведи шире и захватывай. Кто возле сидит, того и захватывай. А как захватишь, так жми. (working English) “...when the paper falls on the table — I’ll also ring the little bell — then at once with your hands like this... Spread them wide and grab. Whoever sits beside you, grab them. And once you’ve grabbed, squeeze.” (Tanya coaching Semyon for the séance, Act 3.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~183 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Она нас людьми изделала; а то бы что? земля малая, не то что скотину, — курицу, скажем, и ту выпустить некуда. (working English) “She made us into human beings; for what else? — the land is so small that, not to speak of cattle, there’s nowhere even to let out a chicken.” (The 3rd Peasant of Tanya, the final scene, Act 4.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~250 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Да благодарите Таню. Кабы не она, быть бы вам без земли. (working English) “Thank Tanya. Had it not been for her, you’d be without land.” (Fyodor Ivanych, the valet, the final scene, Act 4.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. ~250 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1890
Tarak Nath Das
person · missing · dives: 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu
1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: The addressee. Bengali revolutionary (Anushilan Samiti; later Ghadar Party), editor of «Free Hindustan», who appealed to Tolstoy in May 1908 for an article on India — and rejected the reply: his “Open Letter to Count Leo Tolstoy” (16 Oct 1909) defended resistance to despotism as a duty. PSS garbles his name as “Таракуатта Дас / Tarakuatta Das” and the journal as “Free Hindustham/Hindusthan”; correct = Tarak Nath Das, «Free Hindustan».
В Индии это кажется особенно странным, так как здесь более чем 200-миллионный, высокоодаренный и духовными и телесными силами народ находится во власти совершенно чуждого ему небольшого кружка людей, стоящих в религиозно-нравственном отношении неизмеримо ниже тех людей, над которыми они властвуют. It appears especially strange of India, for here we have a people of 200 millions of individuals, highly endowed with spiritual and physical powers, in absolute subjection to a small clique, composed of persons utterly alien in thought and aspiration and altogether inferior to those whom they enslave. (Tolstoy/Chertkov English, 1909) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 245–272 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908
Именем голодающих миллионов взываю к вашему христианскому чувству In the name of the starving millions I appeal to your Christian feeling [— take up this cause]. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 444–446 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908-05-24 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Tarak Nath Das (1884–1958), recipient of the letter [PD]
Tatyana Kuzminskaya
person · missing · dives: 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich
1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Tolstoy’s sister-in-law; conduit of the prototype material (the dying man’s reflections, from the widow)
Иван Ильич Мечников умер 2 июля 1881 года (working English) Ivan Ilyich Mechnikov died on 2 July 1881. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 679–691 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1936 (editorial)
Tatyana Tolstaya
person · stub · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · names: T. L. Tolstaya / Tatyana Tolstaya / T. L. Tolstaya (Tatyana Lvovna) / Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Tolstoy’s eldest daughter; initiated the 30 Dec 1889 home theatrical on returning from abroad, asked her father for the play, and played the maid Tanya. The proximate cause of the staged comedy. 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Daughter; copyist and critic — her two objections to the wife’s portrayal (7 Sep 1889) Tolstoy recorded as apt. 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Tolstoy’s daughter (1864–1950); a copyist of the treatise and a correspondent of Chertkov about it; she described the 9 September 1892 Uzlovaya encounter in a letter to her mother. 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Daughter; recipient of composition-window letters; conduit for the Suttner suggestion 1894-1895-master-and-man: Tolstoy’s eldest daughter (1864–1950); copyist of the manuscript and his companion at the Olsufyev estate during the decisive January 1895 revision. 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Daughter; copyist — copied chapters the day Tolstoy wrote them and routed texts to Chertkov
М. Л. Толстую — кухарку, А. М. Новикова — буфетчика Якова, С. А. Лопухина — Звездинцева, С. Э. Мамонову — толстую барыню, Н. В. Давыдова — профессора Кругосветлова, Т. Л. Толстую — Таню (working English) “...M. L. Tolstaya as the cook, A. M. Novikov as the butler Yakov, S. A. Lopukhin as Zvezdintsev, S. E. Mamonova as the fat lady, N. V. Davydov as Professor Krugosvetlov, T. L. Tolstaya as Tanya.” (Editorial commentary, the 30 Dec 1889 cast.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 661 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-30
которая у меня давно была набросана. Таня дочь затеяла спектакль и попросила у меня, я согласился и вот поправил ее кое-как, и вот они играют у нас на праздниках. (working English) “...quite unexpectedly I took up a comedy I had long ago sketched. My daughter Tanya got up a play and asked me for it; I agreed and patched it up somehow, and now they are performing it over the holidays.” (To L. F. Annenkova, 25 December 1889.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 479 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-25
более простом и сокращенном виде [I have begun it again] in a simpler and shortened form (working English) — PSS Tom 87 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1896-10-12
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Tatyana L. Tolstaya, c. 1883 [PD]
The Burning of Arms
event · missing · dives: doukhobors
doukhobors: The coordinated mass destruction of weapons by ~7,000 Doukhobors, night of 28–29 June 1895 (OS); the catalysing event.
После этого, 28 июня 1895 года, духоборцы, живущие в Ахалкалакском уезде Тифлисской губернии, снесли в одну кучу в поле, около села Спасского, всё свое имевшееся у них оружие и, обложив его дровами и углем и облив керосином, сожгли After this, on 28 June 1895, the Doukhobors living in the Akhalkalaki district of the Tiflis province carried all the weapons they had into a single heap in a field near the village of Spasskoye and, having piled wood and coal upon them and doused them with kerosene, burned them. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 209–215 · doukhobors · 1895-08-14
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — PSS Tom 39 p.209 — the Burning of Arms paragraph (rendered from the local PD PSS PDF) [PD]
The chain of sin
concept · missing · dives: 1886-the-power-of-darkness
1886-the-power-of-darkness: The play’s governing doctrine and subtitle: one small sin caught fast drags the whole person to ruin. Bookended — Akim’s Act-1 warning, Nikita’s Act-5 confession.
Входит Влас. Кается на коленах. — Вяжите меня. Коготок увяз, и всей птичке пропасть. (working English) “Vlas enters. Repents on his knees. — Bind me. A claw caught, the whole bird is lost.” (The drama plan, Act 5.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 534 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
говорил ты мне: «коготок увяз и всей птичке пропасть», не послушал я, пес, твоего слова, и вышло по-твоему. (working English) “You told me: ‘a claw caught, the whole bird is lost’ — I did not heed your word, dog that I am, and it came out as you said.” (Nikita to his father Akim, Act 5.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. ~243 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1886
The Christian Teaching
work · missing · dives: 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: the work itself — see workRecord block (this is a works/ record, not a wiki page)
начиная с Моисея, Исаии, Конфуция, древних греков, Будды, Сократа и до Паскаля, Спинозы, Фихте, Фейербаха beginning with Moses, Isaiah, Confucius, the ancient Greeks, Buddha, Socrates and down to Pascal, Spinoza, Fichte, Feuerbach (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 118 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
Есть три рода грехов, мешающих любви There are three kinds of sins that obstruct love (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 127 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
Прежде чем был Авраам, я есмь Before Abraham was, I am — John 8:58 (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 191 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
The Colonel (After the Ball)
character · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: Varenka’s father — the tall, handsome colonel «à la Nicolas I» who dances the mazurka in home-made boots and, hours later, directs the gauntlet and strikes a soldier for striking too softly. The story’s central doubled figure.
натянув замшевую перчатку на правую руку, — «надо всё по закону», — улыбаясь сказал он (working English) drawing a suede glove onto his right hand, “everything must be done according to the rules,” he said, smiling. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 121 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
он своей сильной рукой в замшевой перчатке бил по лицу испуганного малорослого слабосильного солдата за то, что он недостаточно сильно опустил свою палку (working English) with his strong hand in its suede glove he struck the face of a frightened, undersized, weak soldier because he had not brought his stick down hard enough. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 124 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
веселый бал в Казани, влюблен в Корейшу красавицу, дочь воинского начальника[…]танцую с нею; ее красавец старик-отец ласково берет ее и идет мазурку. И на утро после влюбленной бессонной ночи звуки барабана и сквозь строй гонит татарина, и воинский начальник велит больней бить. (Очень бы хорошо) (working English) a gay ball in Kazan, in love with a Koreysh beauty, daughter of the military commander … I dance with her; her handsome old father tenderly takes her and dances the mazurka. And in the morning, after the love-struck sleepless night, the sounds of a drum, and he drives a Tatar through the gauntlet, and the military commander orders them to beat harder. (Would be very good.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
я знал одного такого, который накануне с красавицей дочерью танцовал мазурку на бале и уезжал раньше, чтобы на завтра рано утром распорядиться прогонянием на смерть сквозь строй бежавшего солдата татарина, засекал этого солдата до смерти и возвращался обедать в семью (working English) I knew one such man, who the evening before had danced the mazurka with his beautiful daughter at a ball and left early so as to give orders the next morning for a runaway Tatar soldier to be driven to death through the gauntlet — flogged the soldier to death and returned to dine with his family. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1886
The Decorous Lie
concept · missing · dives: 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich
1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: The collective pretense around the dying man; propriety and falsehood made one
Главное мучение Ивана Ильича была ложь (working English) Ivan Ilyich’s chief torment was the lie. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886
The False Life
concept · missing · dives: 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich
1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: The novella’s central concept: the respectable, decorous life recognised at death as «не то» (not the right thing)
Прошедшая история жизни Ивана Ильича была самая простая и обыкновенная и самая ужасная. (working English) The past history of Ivan Ilyich’s life was the most simple and ordinary and the most terrible. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886
легко, приятно и прилично (working English) easily, pleasantly, and decorously. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886
вся моя жизнь сознательная жизнь, была «не то» (working English) my whole life, my conscious life, was ‘not the right thing.’ — PSS Tom 26, pp. 61–113 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886
The five commandments (Sermon on the Mount)
concept · missing · dives: 1882-1884-what-i-believe
1882-1884-what-i-believe: Tolstoy’s distillation of Matthew V into five binding commandments: be not angry; no lust/divorce; swear no oaths; resist not evil; love all without national distinction. The doctrinal scaffold of What I Believe.
И вот вместо туманных, подлежащих толкованиям и произволу, неопределенных и неважных выражений открылась мне с стиха 21—28 простая, ясная и определенная первая заповедь Христа: живи в мире со всеми людьми, никогда своего гнева на людей не считай справедливым. (working English) And so, instead of vague, arbitrarily interpretable, indefinite and unimportant expressions, there opened to me from verses 21–28 the simple, clear and definite first commandment of Christ: live in peace with all people, never consider your anger at people just. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. VI (first commandment) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
И вот эти пять заповедей его действительно дают этот мир людям. Все пять заповедей имеют только одну эту цель — мира между людьми. (working English) And these five commandments of his do really give people this peace. All five commandments have only this one aim — peace among people. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. VI (the five commandments) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
Ведь если учение Христа в том, чтобы исполнять всегда волю бога, то как же может человек клясться, что он будет исполнять волю человека? (working English) For if Christ’s teaching is to do always the will of God, then how can a person swear that he will do the will of a man? — PSS Tom 23, pp. ch. VI (third commandment) · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883–1884
The Forged Coupon
work · missing · dives: 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: The novella itself — record-creating workRecord (see workRecord block).
но она не подняла рук, не противилась и только прижала их к груди и тяжело вздохнула but she did not raise her hands, did not resist, and only pressed them to her breast and sighed heavily. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 32 (ch XXIII) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon
И он увидал, что зло расходится, но не поборает добра. А добро также расходится и поборает зло And he saw that evil spreads, but does not conquer good. And good likewise spreads and conquers evil. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 558 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1886-09-15
Начал писать фальшивый купон. Пишу очень небрежно, но интересует меня тем, что выясняется новая форма, очень sobre. Began writing The Forged Coupon. I write very carelessly, but it interests me because a new form is taking shape, very sober. (working English) — PSS Tom 54, pp. 202 · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1903-12-25
Visuals: 5 (1 usable) — Aku Louhimies, Frozen Land / Paha maa (2005) — adapts Part I only [rights-reserved], Посмертные художественные произведения, vol. 1 (Moscow 1911, CENSORED) [unknown], Berlin uncensored posthumous-works edition [unknown], The Forged Coupon and Other Stories and Dramas (first English; Hagberg Wright, Nelson, c.1911) [PD], Autograph drafts, full complex [unknown]
The Fruits of Enlightenment première (1889)
event · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: The first performance — a home theatrical got up by Tatyana Lvovna, directed by Davydov, cast from the young Tolstoys and their circle; the satirised class staging its own satire.
Первое представление комедии в Ясной поляне состоялось 30 декабря 1889 (working English) “The first performance of the comedy at Yasnaya Polyana took place on 30 December 1889.” (Editorial commentary; Old Style.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 660 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-30
М. Л. Толстую — кухарку, А. М. Новикова — буфетчика Якова, С. А. Лопухина — Звездинцева, С. Э. Мамонову — толстую барыню, Н. В. Давыдова — профессора Кругосветлова, Т. Л. Толстую — Таню (working English) “...M. L. Tolstaya as the cook, A. M. Novikov as the butler Yakov, S. A. Lopukhin as Zvezdintsev, S. E. Mamonova as the fat lady, N. V. Davydov as Professor Krugosvetlov, T. L. Tolstaya as Tanya.” (Editorial commentary, the 30 Dec 1889 cast.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 661 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-30
Мне же всё время стыдно, стыдно за эту безумную трату среди нищеты. (working English) “I myself am ashamed the whole time — ashamed of this senseless extravagance amid poverty.” (Diary, 27 December 1889, of the staging.) — PSS Tom 50, pp. 194 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-27
Делали с спокойной совестью в усиленной мере то самое, что осмеивается комедией. Маша играла кухарку необыкновенно хорошо (working English) “With clear consciences we were doing, in heightened measure, the very thing the comedy ridicules. Masha played the cook remarkably well.” (To P. I. Biryukov, 31 December 1889.) — PSS Tom 64, pp. 484 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-31
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Programme of the Yasnaya Polyana home staging, December 1889 [PD]
The Gimer case
event · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: the real false-suicide/bigamy affair (sentencing 8 Dec 1897) that is the play’s factual source
В основу сюжета драмы «Живой труп» положены обстоятельства судебного дела супругов Н. С. и Е. П. Гимер (working English) “The plot of the drama The Living Corpse is founded on the circumstances of the court case of the spouses N. S. and E. P. Gimer…” (PSS Tom 34 commentary; the case was told to Tolstoy by N. V. Davydov, chairman of the Moscow District Court.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 533 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
The Great Sin
work · missing · dives: 1905-the-great-sin
1905-the-great-sin: the work itself — see workRecord block (this is a works/ record, not a wiki page)
есть лишение большинства народа несомненного, естественного права каждого человека пользоваться частью той земли, на которой он родился is the deprivation of the majority of the people of the unquestionable, natural right of every man to use part of the land on which he was born (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 206 · 1905-the-great-sin
захват земли неработающими людьми есть великий грех the seizure of land by non-working people is the great sin (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 226 · 1905-the-great-sin
при существующем государственном строе и обязательных податях невозможно придумать какого-либо другого лучшего, более справедливого, практического и мирного решения under the existing state structure and obligatory taxes it is impossible to devise any other better, more just, practical and peaceful solution (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 229 · 1905-the-great-sin
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — 1905 Russian agrarian unrest (American political cartoon, C. L. Bartholomew) [PD]
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
criticalWork · stub · dives: doukhobors, fire-metaphor · names: The Kingdom of God Is Within You / The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Царство Божие внутри вас)
doukhobors: The 1893 doctrinal foundation: refusal of military service, the position the Doukhobors enacted. fire-metaphor: Takes Luke 12:49 as the motif of the spreading new consciousness
Только что он затушит пожар в одном месте, загорается в двух других; только что он уступает огню, отломает то, что загорелось, от большого здания, — загорается с двух концов и это здание. No sooner does he put out the fire in one place than it flares up in two others; no sooner does he yield to the fire and break off what has caught from the large building than that building too catches at both ends. (working English) — PSS Tom 28, pp. 1–293 · fire-metaphor · 1893
«Огонь принес я на землю, — сказал Христос, — и как томлюсь, когда он возгорится». “Fire I brought to the earth,” said Christ, “and how I am in anguish for it to blaze up.” (working English) — PSS Tom 28, pp. 1–293 · fire-metaphor · 1893
The Law of Love and the Law of Violence
concept · missing · dives: 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love
1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: The titular opposition: love as the highest law of life vs violence as the principle of the animal/state order; salvation as “the replacement of the law of violence with the law of love.”
есть такое же внутреннее противоречие, как холодный огонь или горячий лед. is the same internal contradiction as cold fire or hot ice. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
Христианское учение во всем его истинном значении, как оно всё более и более выясняется в наше время, состоит в том, что сущность жизни человеческой есть сознательное всё большее и большее проявление того начала всего, признак проявления которого в нас есть любовь, и что поэтому сущность жизни человеческой и высший закон, долженствующий руководить ею, есть любовь. Christian teaching in its full true meaning, as it is becoming ever clearer in our time, consists in this: that the essence of human life is the conscious, ever-greater manifestation of that origin of all things whose sign of manifestation in us is love, and that therefore the essence of human life and the highest law that ought to govern it is love. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
И потому спасение от порабощения, в котором находятся люди, невозможное для людей общественных, и совершалось и совершается только христианством, только заменой закона насилия законом любви. And therefore the salvation from the enslavement men are in, impossible for men of society, has been and is accomplished only by Christianity, only by the replacement of the law of violence with the law of love. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 149–221 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908
The Slavery of Our Times
work · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: The work itself — handled by the proposed workRecord (new works/ record), not a wiki page
Основная мысль, как той книги, так и этой статьи, — отрицание насилия. (working English) The basic thought, both of that book and of this article, is the negation of violence. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 146 (Introduction) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-06-28 (OS)
за деньги, дающие только пропитание, люди, считающиеся свободными, находят нужным отдаваться в такую работу, в которую во времена крепостного права ни один самый жестокий рабовладелец не послал бы своих рабов (working English) for money that gives only subsistence, men considered free find it necessary to give themselves up to work to which, in the time of serfdom, no cruellest slaveholder would have sent his slaves. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 150 (ch. I) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Но организованное насилие есть правительство. (working English) But organized violence is government. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 197 (ch. XIII) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
The Works of Guy de Maupassant
work · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Subject work — record-creating (see workRecords). The seedbed of What Is Art?.
правильного, нравственного, отношения к тому, что он изображал, т. е. знания различия между добром и злом, он любил и изображал то, чего не надо было любить и изображать, и не любил, и не изображал того, что надо было любить и изображать. (working English) [deprived of] a correct, moral relation to what he depicted, i.e. knowledge of the difference between good and evil, he loved and depicted what ought not to be loved and depicted, and did not love and did not depict what ought to be loved and depicted. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Из этих трех условий: 1) правильного, т. е. нравственного, отношения автора к предмету, 2) ясности изложения или красоты формы, что одно и то же, и 3) искренности, т. е. непритворного чувства любви или ненависти к тому, что изображает художник, из этих трех условий Мопассан обладал только двумя последними и был совершенно лишен первого. (working English) Of these three conditions — (1) a correct, i.e. moral, relation of the author to the subject; (2) clarity of exposition, or beauty of form, which is one and the same; and (3) sincerity, i.e. an unfeigned feeling of love or hatred toward what the artist depicts — of these three conditions Maupassant possessed only the last two, and was entirely deprived of the first. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Theosophischer Wegweiser
institution · missing · dives: folk-tales
folk-tales: German theosophical journal (Leipzig); its 1903 №5 carried the anonymous parable «Das bist du», the source of both «Это ты» and «Асархадон». A copy survived in the Yasnaya Polyana library.
Эта же сказка дала Толстому повод к написанию «Ассирийского царя Асархадона» (working English) This same tale gave Tolstoy the occasion for writing “Esarhaddon, King of Assyria”. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 561 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Мысль сказки Царь Ассархадон принадлежит не мне, а взята мною из сказки неизвестного автора, напечатанной в немецком журнале Theosophischer Wegweiser (working English) The idea of the tale “King Esarhaddon” is not mine but taken by me from a tale by an unknown author, printed in the German journal Theosophischer Wegweiser. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 167–168 · folk-tales · 1903-08-25
Three conditions of artistic creation
concept · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Tolstoy’s triad — (1) a correct/moral relation of the author to the subject, (2) clarity/beauty of form, (3) sincerity — first stated in the Maupassant preface, later systematised in What Is Art?.
ценность художественного произведения определяется, по моему мнению, тремя условиями: степенью важности и качеством содержания, искренностью автора, т. е. любовью к тому, что он описывает, и красотой формы. (working English) the value of a work of art is determined, in my opinion, by three conditions: by the degree of importance and the quality of the content, by the sincerity of the author, i.e. love for what he describes, and by beauty of form. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 273-302 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894 (вариант)
Из этих трех условий: 1) правильного, т. е. нравственного, отношения автора к предмету, 2) ясности изложения или красоты формы, что одно и то же, и 3) искренности, т. е. непритворного чувства любви или ненависти к тому, что изображает художник, из этих трех условий Мопассан обладал только двумя последними и был совершенно лишен первого. (working English) Of these three conditions — (1) a correct, i.e. moral, relation of the author to the subject; (2) clarity of exposition, or beauty of form, which is one and the same; and (3) sincerity, i.e. an unfeigned feeling of love or hatred toward what the artist depicts — of these three conditions Maupassant possessed only the last two, and was entirely deprived of the first. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Tiflis archive helpers (Esadze, Nakashidze, Potto, Veidenbaum)
person · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat
1896-1904-hadji-murat: The Tiflis military-historical-archive chain: S. S. Esadze (hand-copied 151 documents), I. P. Nakashidze (the local fixer), V. A. Potto (archive chief), E. G. Veidenbaum. Each a candidate person page; grouped here as a routing cluster — split at ingestion.
Нет ли его резолюций о Хаджи-Мурате. (working English) Are there any of his [Nicholas I’s] rescripts concerning Hadji Murat? — PSS Tom 73 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-12-20
дальше, пожалуйста, не работайте, так как имеющихся у меня матерьялов мне вполне достаточно. (working English) please do not work further, as the materials I have are fully sufficient. — PSS Tom 74 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1903-05-06
Timofei Bondarev
person · missing · dives: 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do
1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Siberian exile peasant (3 Apr 1820 – 3 Nov 1898), a Subbotnik sentenced to life exile on the Yenisey; author of «Торжество земледельца, или Трудолюбие и тунеядство» (The Triumph of the Farmer). His bread-labour treatise reached Tolstoy in July 1885 and is credited by name in the book; Tolstoy championed its publication for the rest of Bondarev’s life.
В Библии сказано, как закон человека: «в поте лица снеси хлеб, и в муках родиши чада». Мужик Бондарев, написавший об этом статью, осветил для меня мудрость этого изречения. (working English) In the Bible it is said, as a law for man: «in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, and in pain shalt thou bear children». The peasant Bondarev, who wrote an article about this, illuminated for me the wisdom of this saying. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XXXVIII (bread-labour / Bondarev) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
упомянул о том, что я почерпнул это не от ученых и мудрых мира сего, но от крестьянина Т. М. Бондарева. (working English) [in the book I am writing on this same subject] I mentioned that I drew this not from the learned and wise of this world, but from the peasant T. M. Bondarev. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 332–335 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1886-03 (OS; 1–20 March)
Книжки мои не пропускают и жгут, и правительство считает меня врагом своим. (working English) My little books are not passed and are burned, and the government considers me its enemy. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 332–335 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1886-03 (OS; 1–20 March)
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — T. M. Bondarev [unknown]
Tolstoyanism
concept · exists · dives: tolstoyanism
tolstoyanism: The central concept — both the label «толстовство» and the «толстовцы» movement. The existing vault page (recordStatus: draft) carries a block flagging the exact ‘great and gross error’ rejection this dive now anchors; the page also MISATTRIBUTES it to ‘a letter to an adherent’ when it is the 1897-12-02 diary entry (re Makovický). This dive’s evidence ledger resolves both gaps.
Я рад был случаю сказать ему и уяснить себе, что говорить о толстовстве, искать моего руководительства, спрашивать моего решения вопросов — большая и грубая ошибка. — Никакого толстовства и моего учения не было и нет, есть одно вечное, всеобщее, всемирное учение истины, для меня, для нас особенно ясно выраженное в евангелиях. I was glad of the chance to tell him, and to clarify for myself, that to speak of Tolstoyism, to seek my guidance, to ask me to decide questions — is a great and crude error. There was and is no Tolstoyism and no teaching of mine; there is one eternal, universal, world-wide teaching of truth, which for me, for us, is especially clearly expressed in the Gospels. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 167–169 · tolstoyanism · 1897-12-02
Вы вот пишете о «толстовцах» и других моих последователях, о движении, поднятом моей проповедью, и о том, почему толстовцы проявляют мало рвения к пропаганде мыслей, которые осчастливят человечество; а я не знаю не только каких-либо других последователей, но и толстовцев You write about ‘the Tolstoyans’ and my other followers, about the movement raised by my preaching, and about why the Tolstoyans show so little zeal in propagating the ideas that would make mankind happy; but I know of no other followers, nor of any Tolstoyans. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 225–227 · tolstoyanism · 1894-09-22
А о толстовцах, движении и т. п. я ничего не знаю, или даже знаю, что этого ничего нет. As for Tolstoyans, a movement, and so forth — I know nothing of it, or rather I know that there is no such thing. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 225–227 · tolstoyanism · 1894-09-22
сказал бы, не есть мяса, если бы не боялся ridicul’a⁴ толстовства [I] would say, eat no meat — were I not afraid of the ridicule of Tolstoyism. (working English) — PSS Tom 77, pp. 5–6 · tolstoyanism · 1907-01-01
православные не любят толстовцев, а толстовцы не любят православных. В этом вы, я думаю, ошибаетесь, во-первых, в том, что признаете каких-то толстовцев. Что же до меня касается, то хотя я и сам Толстой [you say that] the Orthodox do not love the Tolstoyans, and the Tolstoyans do not love the Orthodox. In this, I think, you are mistaken — first of all, in that you acknowledge some sort of Tolstoyans. As for myself, though I am Tolstoy myself… (working English) — PSS Tom 80, pp. 50–53 · tolstoyanism · 1909-08-04
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — PSS Tom 53 — the 2 December 1897 diary page carrying the Tolstoyism denial (rendered from the local PD PSS PDF) [PD]
Tolstoy’s four-part religious project
concept · missing · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: The single religious-philosophical treatise Tolstoy began in late 1879 that split into four works: A Confession (the introduction/autobiography) → Examination of Dogmatic Theology (the critique of Orthodox dogma) → the Gospel harmony («Соединение и перевод четырех Евангелий») → What I Believe (the constructive statement). Examination is its negative, demolishing panel; the Gospel works are constructive. Described by Tolstoy in the 1884 preface to «Краткое изложение Евангелия» as a four-part work ‘lying in manuscript and unprintable.’
Дело веры есть только жизнь по вере. И жизнь одна выше всего и не может быть подчинена ничему, кроме бога, познаваемого только жизнью. (working English) The business of faith is only life according to faith. And life alone is higher than everything and cannot be subordinated to anything except God, who is known only through life. — PSS Tom 23, pp. ~303 (Заключение) · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1879–1880
Особенно тяжело мне было то, что, начав все перерабатывать сначала, я отдел обзора православного богословия должен был расширить. И я изучил хорошо богословие и теперь вот кончаю разбор его. (working English) What weighed on me most was that, having begun to rework everything from the start, I had to expand the section surveying Orthodox theology. And I have studied theology thoroughly, and now I am finishing its analysis. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 12–13 · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1880-02-29 (OS)
Tolstoys religious conversion
concept · missing · dives: crisis
crisis: the event this dive is about; candidate concept page — should foreground Tolstoy’s own vocabulary (переворот / остановка жизни) over the received ‘crisis’ label
Пять лет тому назад я поверил в учение Христа — и жизнь моя вдруг переменилась […] Со мной случилось то, что случается с человеком, который вышел за делом и вдруг дорогой решил, что дело это ему совсем не нужно,— и повернул домой. Five years ago I came to believe in Christ’s teaching — and my life suddenly changed […] What happened to me was what happens to a man who goes out on some errand and then suddenly decides on the way that the errand is of no use to him at all — and turns back home. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304 · TEI v23_304_465_V_chem_moja_vera · crisis · 1884
Я жил так года два, и со мной случился переворот, который давно готовился во мне и задатки которого всегда были во мне. Со мной случилось то, что жизнь нашего круга — богатых, ученых — не только опротивела мне, но потеряла всякий смысл. I lived like that for a couple of years, and there occurred in me an upheaval [переворот] that had long been preparing within me, and whose seeds had always been in me. What happened to me was that the life of our circle — the rich, the learned — not only grew repugnant to me, but lost all meaning. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 40 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
И я спасся от самоубийства. Когда и как совершился во мне этот переворот, я не мог бы сказать. […] так же постепенно, незаметно возвратилась ко мне эта сила жизни. И странно, что та сила жизни, которая возвратилась ко мне, была не новая, а самая старая, — та самая, которая влекла меня на первых порах моей жизни. And I was saved from suicide. When and how this upheaval [переворот] took place in me, I could not say. […] just as gradually, imperceptibly, the force of life returned to me. And it is strange that the force of life which returned to me was not a new one, but the very oldest — the same that had drawn me in the first days of my life. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 46 · TEI v23_001_059_Ispoved · crisis · 1882
Tolstoy’s wisdom anthologies
concept · missing · dives: late-voice-encryption-compression
late-voice-encryption-compression: The compression endpoint as a single project across four books (Мысли мудрых людей → Круг чтения → На каждый день → Путь жизни) — the concept page that ties the four proposed work-records together and narrates the arc (attributions dropped, calendar abandoned, doctrine distilled to aphorism).
дать большому числу читателей доступный им ежедневный круг чтения, возбуждающего лучшие мысли и чувства to give a large number of readers an accessible daily round of reading that arouses the best thoughts and feelings (working English) — PSS Tom 41 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1908-03
я нахожу неудобным подписывать их именами их авторов I find it inconvenient to sign them with their authors’ names (working English) — PSS Tom 45 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1910
Хочу сделать из них Круг чтения на каждый день. I want to make from them a Circle of Reading for each day. (working English) — PSS Tom 75 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1904-01-19
составленной, как «Круг чтения», из изречений разных мыслителей compiled, like ‘Circle of Reading’, from the sayings of various thinkers (working English) — PSS Tom 82 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1910-07-20
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Круг чтения — first-edition title page (1906) [PD]
True Christianity (Tolstoy)
concept · missing · dives: christian
christian: Tolstoy’s governing distinction: истинное христианство (inward, universal) vs церковное христианство (‘the greatest enemy of Christ’)
Православие и христианство имеют общего только название. Если церковники христиане, то я не христианин, и наоборот. Orthodoxy and Christianity have only the name in common. If churchmen are Christians, then I am not a Christian, and vice versa. (working English) — PSS Tom 51, pp. 71 · christian · 1890-08-03
Как раз напротив: истинное христианство прежде всего требует высшее сознание своего достоинства, страшную силу и непоколебимость. The most ordinary judgement of Christianity, especially among the new Nietzschean reasoners, is that Christianity is renunciation of one’s dignity, weakness, submission. On the contrary: true Christianity first of all requires the highest consciousness of one’s dignity, terrible strength and steadfastness. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 159–160 · christian · 1897-11-10
Чем больше я живу, чем более приближаюсь к смерти, тем более убеждаюсь в том, что церковное христианство есть величайший враг Христа, его учения и блага людей. The more I live, the closer I come to death, the more convinced I am that church Christianity is the greatest enemy of Christ, of his teaching, and of the good of men. (working English) — PSS Tom 73, pp. 23–25 · christian · 1901-01-28
Христианство, истинное христианство, по моему мнению, тем и отличается от религий, которые можно называть общественными, как католичество, православие, магометанство, я думаю даже конфуцианство, что оно обращается к душе каждого отдельного человека, для каждого отдельного человека разрешает его вопрос жизни, указывает ему его назначение, состоящее в исполнении воли бога, в слиянии с ней своей воли, в служении для бога богу и людям и тем дает ему спокойствие и благо. Christianity, true Christianity, in my opinion, differs from the religions one may call social — such as Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Mohammedanism, and I think even Confucianism — in that it addresses the soul of each individual person. (working English) — PSS Tom 75, pp. 60–62 · christian · 1904-03-17
Христианство же в его истинном значении я считаю не то, которое мне таковым кажется, но то, которое одинаково признавалось и признается всеми величайшими мыслителями мира до и после Христа. Истинное христианство это не есть какое-либо отдельное от других, исключительное учение, а есть наиболее полное и ясное для нашего времени выражение вечных, божеских истин, одинаково признаваемых всеми великими религиозными учениями мира: браминизмом, буддизмом, конфуцианством, маздеизмом, таосизмом, магометанством и другими. True Christianity is not some separate, exclusive teaching, but the fullest and clearest expression for our time of the eternal, divine truths equally acknowledged by all the great religious teachings of the world: Brahminism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mazdeism, Taoism, Mohammedanism and others. (working English) — PSS Tom 79, pp. 53–59 · christian · 1909-01-29
True science as the knowledge of how to live
concept · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Tolstoy’s religious-science test (from the Carpenter preface): real science is the study of «как должны жить люди»; experimental science usurps that place — the science twin of the religious-art test.
Людям надо жить. А для того, чтобы жить, им надо знать, как жить. И все люди всегда — плохо ли, хорошо ли — узнавали это и, сообразно с этим знанием, жили, двигались вперед, и это знание того, как должно жить людям, со времен Моисея, Солона, Конфуция считалось всегда наукой, самой наукой наук. (working English) People must live. And in order to live, they must know how to live. And all people have always — well or badly — learned this and, in accordance with this knowledge, lived and moved forward; and this knowledge of how people should live has, since the times of Moses, Solon, and Confucius, always been considered a science, the very science of sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
должна прежде всего отречься от своего опытного метода, по которому она считает своим делом только изучение того, что есть, а вернуться к тому единственному разумному и плодотворному пониманию науки, по которому предмет ее есть изучение того, как должны жить люди. (working English) [Our science] must first of all renounce its experimental method — by which it regards its task as merely the study of what is — and return to the one reasonable and fruitful understanding of science, by which its subject is the study of how people should live. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
Trukhachevsky
character · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: The violinist; the musician-rival who replaced the earlier painter-rival when the Beethoven sonata entered (3rd redaction). Secondary character; may fold into the Pozdnyshev page under the tiering rule.
Что такое музыка? Что она делает? И зачем она делает то, что она делает? [...] Она действует ни возвышающим ни принижающим душу образом, а раздражающим душу образом. (working English) What is music? What does it do? And why does it do what it does? [...] It acts neither in an elevating nor in a degrading way on the soul, but in an irritating [provoking] way. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 7-78 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1889
Umberto I
person · missing · dives: against-the-death-penalty
against-the-death-penalty: King of Italy, assassinated by the anarchist Gaetano Bresci on 29 July 1900 — the occasion of «Не убий». The regicide whose condemnation Tolstoy turns back on the kings.
самые добрые из убитых королей, как Александр II или Гумберт, были виновниками, участниками и сообщниками, — не говоря уже о домашних казнях, — убийства десятков тысяч людей, погибших на полях сражений; недобрые же короли и императоры были виновниками сотен тысяч, миллионов убийств. even the kindest of the murdered kings, such as Alexander II or Umberto, were the authors, participants and accomplices — to say nothing of executions at home — of the murder of tens of thousands of people who perished on the battlefields; while the unkind kings and emperors were the authors of hundreds of thousands, of millions of murders. (working English) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 200 · against-the-death-penalty · 1900
не убивать надо Александров, Карно, Гумбертов и других, а надо разъяснить им то, что они сами убийцы, и, главное, не позволять им убивать людей, отказываться убивать по их приказанию. one must not kill the Alexanders, Carnots, Umbertos and others, but must make clear to them that they are themselves murderers, and, above all, not allow them to kill people — refuse to kill at their command. (working English) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 204 · against-the-death-penalty · 1900
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — Gaetano Bresci, assassin of Umberto I, 1900 [PD], PSS Tom 34, p. 200 — the opening page of «Не убий» (title + four epigraphs + the Umberto/Alexander II opening) [PD], King Umberto I of Italy (portrait, de Stefani, 1904, posthumous) [PD]
Unity of life
concept · missing · dives: folk-tales
folk-tales: The doctrine the cluster dramatises — the oneness of all living beings, that harming another is harming oneself. Tolstoy’s 1903 metaphysics, mediated via Vedanta and the Theosophischer Wegweiser.
— Да ведь Лаилиэ это ты, — сказал старец. (working English) “But Lailie is you,” said the old man. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 126–130 · folk-tales · 1903
Жизнь одна во всем, и ты проявляешь в себе только часть этой одной жизни. (working English) Life is one in all things, and you manifest in yourself only a part of this one life. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 126–130 · folk-tales · 1903
Все люди — братья, то есть все люди по существу своему один и тот же человек. (working English) All people are brothers — that is, all people are in essence one and the same person. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 138–140 · folk-tales · 1903
Это та истина, которую я хотел внушить тебе и которая выражается словами: это ты. (working English) This is the truth I wished to instil in you, and which is expressed in the words: this is you. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 138–140 · folk-tales · 1903
Эта же сказка дала Толстому повод к написанию «Ассирийского царя Асархадона» (working English) This same tale gave Tolstoy the occasion for writing “Esarhaddon, King of Assyria”. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 561 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
я ошибаюсь не тогда, когда называю одного вместо другого, а тогда, когда считаю каждого отдельным существом. (working English) I err not when I name one person instead of another, but when I count each as a separate being. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 190–191 · folk-tales · 1903-09-03 (OS)
Universal military conscription (Tolstoy)
concept · missing · dives: 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you
1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: The book’s pivotal political target (ch. VII): conscription is not an accident of European politics but the last limit of the contradiction in the social understanding of life — the state’s demand that every man renounce conscience and prepare to kill on command. The point at which a Christian must choose between the law of God and the law of violence.
войска нужны прежде всего правительствам для обороны себя от своих подавленных и приведенных в рабство подданных. (working English) armies are needed by governments first of all to defend themselves from their own oppressed and enslaved subjects. — PSS Tom 28, pp. ~152 (гл. VII) · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890–1893
V chem moja vera
work · missing · dives: fire-metaphor, gospel-translation
fire-metaphor: Source of the fire+light credo quoted at the close of Biryukov vol. II gospel-translation: Project part 4 — the positive exposition of the recovered teaching (also the fire+light credo of the sibling fire-metaphor dive)
в человеке живет божественный свет, сошедший с неба, и свет этот есть разум, — и что ему одному надо служить и в нем одном искать благо. in man there lives a divine light, come down from heaven, and this light is reason — and that it alone must be served and in it alone must good be sought. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304–465 · fire-metaphor · 1884
Но мир горит уж 1800 лет, горит с тех пор, как Христос сказал: я огонь низвел на землю; и как томлюсь, пока он не разгорится, — и будет гореть, пока не спасутся люди. But the world has been burning for 1800 years now, burning ever since Christ said: I brought fire down to the earth; and how I am in anguish until it blazes up — and it will burn until people are saved. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304–465 · fire-metaphor · 1884
что этот талант есть огонь, который только тогда огонь, когда он жжет. Я верю, что я — Ниневия по отношению к другим Ионам, от которых я узнал и узнаю истину, но что и я Иона по отношению к другим ниневитянам, которым я должен передать истину. that this talent is a fire which is only a fire when it burns. I believe that I am a Nineveh in relation to other Jonahs, from whom I have learned and learn the truth, but that I too am a Jonah in relation to other Ninevites, to whom I must pass the truth on. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 461 · fire-metaphor · 1884
Я верю, что единственный смысл моей жизни — в том, чтобы жить в том свете, который есть во мне, и ставить его не под спуд, но высоко перед людьми, так, чтобы люди видели его. I believe that the only meaning of my life is to live by the light that is in me, and to set it not under a bushel but high before people, so that people may see it. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 461 · fire-metaphor · 1884
перевод четырех Евангелий и соединение их в одно. the translation of the four Gospels and their combination into one. (working English) — PSS Tom 24, pp. 801–938 · gospel-translation · 1881
Visuals: 3 (3 usable) — The ‘Я верю’ credo — ‘a fire which is only a fire when it burns’ + ‘live by the light in me’ (PSS Tom 23, printed p.461) [PD], Tolstoy writing — Nikolai Ge’s 1884 portrait, painted while Tolstoy drafted What I Believe [PD], Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, 1908 — first colour photo-portrait in Russia (seated + head crop) [PD]
Valeria Arsenyeva
person · missing · dives: biryukov-sofia-relationship
biryukov-sofia-relationship: Tolstoy’s near-fiancée of 1856–57; the withheld lover; the suppressed-chapter subject (basis of Family Happiness)
это была Арсеньева Валерия. Она теперь жива, за Волковым была, живет в Париже. that was Arsenyeva, Valeria. She is alive now, was married to Volkov, lives in Paris. (working English) — PSS Tom 74, pp. 319 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1903-11-27
есть целая пачка моих писем к ней. there is a whole packet of my letters to her. (working English) — PSS Tom 74, pp. 319 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1903-11-27
протестовала против писем Арсеньевой. [Sofia Andreevna] protested against the Arsenyeva letters. (working English) — PSS Tom 76, pp. 65 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1905-10-18
Varenka B.
character · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: The narrator’s beloved — eighteen, in white with a rose-coloured sash; the love that «began to fade» after the dawn flogging.
Любовь? Любовь с этого дня пошла на убыль. (working English) Love? Love began to fade from that day on. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 125 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
веселый бал в Казани, влюблен в Корейшу красавицу, дочь воинского начальника[…]танцую с нею; ее красавец старик-отец ласково берет ее и идет мазурку. И на утро после влюбленной бессонной ночи звуки барабана и сквозь строй гонит татарина, и воинский начальник велит больней бить. (Очень бы хорошо) (working English) a gay ball in Kazan, in love with a Koreysh beauty, daughter of the military commander … I dance with her; her handsome old father tenderly takes her and dances the mazurka. And in the morning, after the love-struck sleepless night, the sounds of a drum, and he drives a Tatar through the gauntlet, and the military commander orders them to beat harder. (Would be very good.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
Varvara Andreevna Koreysh
person · missing · dives: 1903-after-the-ball
1903-after-the-ball: The real beauty (later Khvoshchinskaya) courted by Sergei Nikolaevich Tolstoy in Kazan; the prototype of Varenka.
веселый бал в Казани, влюблен в Корейшу красавицу, дочь воинского начальника[…]танцую с нею; ее красавец старик-отец ласково берет ее и идет мазурку. И на утро после влюбленной бессонной ночи звуки барабана и сквозь строй гонит татарина, и воинский начальник велит больней бить. (Очень бы хорошо) (working English) a gay ball in Kazan, in love with a Koreysh beauty, daughter of the military commander … I dance with her; her handsome old father tenderly takes her and dances the mazurka. And in the morning, after the love-struck sleepless night, the sounds of a drum, and he drives a Tatar through the gauntlet, and the military commander orders them to beat harder. (Would be very good.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 550 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1903
Varvara Mac-Gahan
person · missing · dives: tolstoyanism
tolstoyanism: Russian-American journalist (1850–1904), widow of war correspondent Januarius MacGahan; addressee of the 1894 letter. Her writing about ‘the Tolstoyans’ and ‘the movement’ is what Tolstoy answers by denying both exist.
Вы вот пишете о «толстовцах» и других моих последователях, о движении, поднятом моей проповедью, и о том, почему толстовцы проявляют мало рвения к пропаганде мыслей, которые осчастливят человечество; а я не знаю не только каких-либо других последователей, но и толстовцев You write about ‘the Tolstoyans’ and my other followers, about the movement raised by my preaching, and about why the Tolstoyans show so little zeal in propagating the ideas that would make mankind happy; but I know of no other followers, nor of any Tolstoyans. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 225–227 · tolstoyanism · 1894-09-22
А о толстовцах, движении и т. п. я ничего не знаю, или даже знаю, что этого ничего нет. As for Tolstoyans, a movement, and so forth — I know nothing of it, or rather I know that there is no such thing. (working English) — PSS Tom 67, pp. 225–227 · tolstoyanism · 1894-09-22
Vasily Alekseev
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-1887-on-life
1879-1882-a-confession: The children’s tutor and early convert; recipient of the 1881 circle letter; credited as the first educated man to confirm Tolstoy’s new faith. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Tutor to the Tolstoy children and Tolstoy’s closest interlocutor on property and labour; addressee of the December 1884 bridge letter («Я теперь печатаю статью… о собственности») and of the rich late-1880s letters on the Tolstoyan communes. The sounding-board in whom Tolstoy tested the book’s argument. 1886-1887-on-life: Former tutor to the Tolstoy children and a trusted interlocutor; addressee of the autumn-1887 letter recording the title change (the words «и смерти» struck from the title) and Tolstoy’s pre-emptive rejection of the ‘mysticism’ charge.
Мне очень тяжело в Москве. (working English) Things are very hard for me in Moscow. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 80–83 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-11 (OS)
Я теперь печатаю статью (ее не пропустят ) о собственности (working English) I am now printing an article (it will not be passed) about property — PSS Tom 63, pp. 193–196 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1884-12 (OS)
Собственность есть самый прочный и страшный соблазн — я постоянно о нем думаю и борюсь с его хитростями. (working English) Property is the most durable and terrible temptation — I think about it constantly and struggle with its cunning. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 193–196 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1884-12 (OS)
Я начал с заглавием о жизни и смерти, но когда кончил, то вычеркнул слова «и смерти», потому что слова эти потеряли свой смысл. (working English) I began with the title ‘On Life and Death,’ but when I finished I struck out the words ‘and death,’ because those words had lost their meaning. — PSS Tom 64, pp. 112–113 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1887-09/10 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — V. I. Alekseev [unknown]
Vasily Andreyev-Burlak
person · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Actor; reported originator of the railway-confession subject and intended public reader in the triptych. Died 10 May 1888.
мысль создать «Крейцерову сонату» внушил Толстому актер (working English) the idea of creating The Kreutzer Sonata was suggested to Tolstoy by the actor [V. N. Andreyev-Burlak]. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
предложил изобразить эту сонату доступными всем трем средствами искусства. (working English) he proposed to depict this sonata by means accessible to all three arts. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — V. N. Andreyev-Burlak (actor) [unknown]
Vasily Brekhunov
character · missing · dives: 1894-1895-master-and-man
1894-1895-master-and-man: The master (хозяин): a second-guild merchant, church elder, innkeeper and grain dealer; the calculating acquirer who is transfigured by a substitutionary death. The principal/titular figure; the one the marquee turns on.
А на что ему жить? Какая его жизнь (working English) And what is there for him to live for? What kind of life is his? — PSS Tom 29, pp. 295-324 (вариант № 18, рук. № 4) · 1894-1895-master-and-man · 1894-12
И, говоря это, Василий Андреич был искренно уверен, что он благодетельствует Никите (working English) And, saying this, Vasily Andreich was sincerely convinced that he was a benefactor to Nikita. — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. I) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
Василий Андреич платил Никите не 80 руб., сколько стоил такой работник, а рублей 40 (working English) Vasily Andreich paid Nikita not 80 roubles, the worth of such a workman, but some 40 — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. I) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
ему кажется, что он — Никита, а Никита — он, и что жизнь его не в нем самом, а в Никите (working English) it seems to him that he is Nikita and Nikita is he, and that his life is not in himself but in Nikita — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. IX) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
«Жив Никита, значит жив и я», — с торжеством говорит он себе (working English) “Nikita is alive, so I too am alive,” he says to himself with triumph. — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. IX) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
лег на него, покрывая его не только своей шубой, но и всем своим теплым, разгоряченным телом (working English) he lay on him, covering him not only with his fur coat but with his whole warm, heated body — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. IX) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
Не знал, так теперь знаю. Теперь уж без ошибки. Теперь знаю (working English) I did not know, so now I know. Now without mistake. Now I know. — PSS Tom 29, pp. 3-46 (ch. IX) · 1894-1895-master-and-man
Vasily Marakuev
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Popular-books publisher («Народная библиотека», 1882); attendee of the 1884 founding meetings; present at the March 1883 Zlatovratsky evening (E06).
Пришли Златовратский и Маракуев. Златовратский программу народничества. Надменность, путаница и плачевность мысли поразительна. (working English) Zlatovratsky and Marakuev came. Zlatovratsky — the programme of Populism. The arrogance, confusion and lamentable quality of the thought is striking. — PSS Tom 49 · stories-for-the-people · 1883-03-26 OS
Vasily Shchegolyonok
person · missing · dives: folk-tales, krug-chtenija-tales, stories-for-the-people · names: Vasily Shchegolyonok / Vasily Shchegolenok (V. P. Shchegolenok)
folk-tales: The skazitel’ (folk reciter) who told Tolstoy the source legend of «Разрушение ада» in 1879. Proposed by the parent dive (which sourced his photo + Repin portrait); extend. krug-chtenija-tales: The Olonets skazitel’ (folk reciter) who stayed at Yasnaya Polyana in 1879; oral source of Корней Васильев («ушедший странствовать от жены») and of the angel-legend behind Молитва. Proposed by the parent dives (which sourced his photo + Repin portrait); extend. NB transliteration in the vault may be «Vasily Shchegolyonok» — loose-match before marking missing. stories-for-the-people: Olonets bylina-singer; during his 1879 Yasnaya Polyana stay supplied the oral legends behind «Чем люди живы», «Два старика», «Три старца».
Легенда «Разрушение ада и восстановление его» была задумана Толстым как «иллюстрация» к статье «Обращение к духовенству». Источником легенды послужила одна из легенд, рассказанных Толстому в 1879 г. В. П. Щеголенком (working English) The legend “The Destruction of Hell and Its Restoration” was conceived by Tolstoy as an “illustration” to the article “Appeal to the Clergy”. The source of the legend was one of the legends told to Tolstoy in 1879 by V. P. Shchegolyonok. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 546–547 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Во втором издании «Круга чтения» подверглось цензурному изъятию одно место в «Молитве» — от слов: «Вот сейчас» кончая словами: «Японцы тоже молятся, чтобы им победить» (working English) In the second edition of the Circle of Reading one passage in “A Prayer” was subjected to censorship excision — from the words “Right now” to the words “the Japanese too pray that they may win”. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 594–597 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus, V. S. Spiridonov)
Рассказ, как это видно по черновым рукописям, переделывался автором тринадцать раз. (working English) The story, as the draft manuscripts show, was reworked by the author thirteen times. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 599–605 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus, A. I. Nikiforov)
Олонецкий мужик, певец былин — очень умный и хороший старик (working English) An Olonets peasant, a singer of bylinas — a very intelligent and good old man. — PSS Tom 62 · stories-for-the-people · 1879-08-02/03 OS
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — V. P. Shchegolyonok (photo 1908 + Repin portrait) [PD], V. P. Shchegolyonok, portrait by I. E. Repin [PD]
Vasily Sutaev
person · missing · dives: 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · names: V. K. Sutaev / V. K. Sutaev (and son I. V. Sutaev)
1879-1882-a-confession: Peasant sectarian from Tver; an exemplar of the simple living faith Tolstoy sought; visited 1881. 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Tver peasant sectarian Tolstoy revered as a living exemplar of the gospel of love; his son Ivan refused military service in 1877 and was imprisoned — the peasant conscientious objector behind ch. on non-resistance. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Tver peasant sectarian whose communitarian Christianity (no private property, no courts, no locks, love as the only law) Tolstoy revered as a living exemplar; ch. XIV records his method of ‘sorting the poor by oneself.’ His radical position on property is integrated into the December 1884 Alekseev letter.
Прошел месяц — самый мучительный в моей жизни. Переезд в Москву. (working English) A month has passed — the most agonizing of my life. The move to Moscow. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 58 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-10-05 (OS)
Мне очень тяжело в Москве. (working English) Things are very hard for me in Moscow. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 80–83 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1881-11 (OS)
Собственность есть самый прочный и страшный соблазн — я постоянно о нем думаю и борюсь с его хитростями. (working English) Property is the most durable and terrible temptation — I think about it constantly and struggle with its cunning. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 193–196 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1884-12 (OS)
Visuals: 2 (1 usable) — V. K. Sutaev (Y. Steinberg, 1885) [PD], V. K. Sutaev [unknown]
Vasily Vereshchagin
person · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: War painter; died with Makarov on the Petropavlovsk. Not named in the essay but bound to its central event; his anti-war battle paintings are a thematic sibling to the essay.
Я кончал эту статью, когда пришло известие о погибели шестисот невинных жизней против Порт-Артура. I was finishing this article when news came of the destruction of six hundred innocent lives off Port Arthur. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 100–148 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
Vasily Zolotarev
person · missing · dives: 1890-1898-father-sergius
1890-1898-father-sergius: Correspondent who drew out the second marquee statement (14 Mar 1891).
только в падении, осрамившись навеки перед людьми, он нашел настоящую опору в боге. Надо опустить руки, чтобы стать на ноги. (working English) only in the fall, having disgraced himself forever before people, did he find a true support in God. One must lower the hands in order to stand on the feet. — PSS Tom 65, pp. 268-269 · 1890-1898-father-sergius · 1891-03-14
Viktor Karenin
character · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: principal — the honourable man Liza marries
То есть они опять меня свяжут с ней, то есть ее со мной? (working English) “That is — they will bind me to her again, her to me?” (Fedya, on the “best case” of church penance and annulment, Act VI.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. ~98 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900
Vissarion Belinsky
person · missing · dives: art-aesthetics-satellites
art-aesthetics-satellites: Radical critic whose 1847 letter savaged Gogol’s Correspondence; Tolstoy’s named antagonist in both Gogol texts.
Белинский первый осудил Переписку и сказал: Проповедник кнута, апостол невежества и мракобесия, панегирист татарских нравов и т. п. (working English) Belinsky was the first to condemn the Correspondence and said: a preacher of the knout, an apostle of ignorance and obscurantism, a panegyrist of Tatar mores, and so on. — PSS Tom 26, pp. 648-651 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1888-01 .. 1888-02
Vladimir Chertkov
person · exists · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1899-resurrection, 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-living-corpse, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1903-after-the-ball, 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1905-the-great-sin, 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty, biryukov-sofia-relationship, break-with-the-church, christian-anarchism, copyright-renunciation, crisis, doukhobors, fire-metaphor, folk-tales, gospel-translation, krug-chtenija-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression, stories-for-the-people, tolstoyanism · names: V. G. Chertkov / Vladimir Chertkov / Vladimir Grigorievich Chertkov / Vladimir Grigoryevich Chertkov
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: Disciple and chief publishing agent. He prompted the final 1884 revision (asking for the manuscript in May 1884, then spurring Tolstoy to revise it in October 1884); his «Свободное слово» press (Christchurch) issued the 1903 edition; his wife A. K. Chertkova prepared that reissue and sent Tolstoy the first sheets to correct in November 1902. 1879-1882-a-confession: Disciple and publisher; the «Свободное слово» (Christchurch, 1901) edition; the agent for distributing the suppressed text. 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Guards-officer turned disciple; his letter of 9 March 1883 (‘write about the commandments for the people’) is the proximate catalyst, and he is Tolstoy’s most sustained correspondent through the 1883 writing year. The Posrednik impulse (‘explain the Gospel to the people first’) runs straight into the book. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Disciple and chief correspondent through the 1884–86 composition; the «I sit on a man’s back» passage was first drafted in a 5–7 Sep 1884 letter to him. Reported on the Russkaya Mysl ban (Feb 1885) and the Russkoe Bogatstvo cuts; later the Posrednik/Свободное слово publisher of the work. 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich: Correspondent on the work’s meaning/audience; one of the copyists 1886-1887-on-life: Disciple and chief correspondent through the composition; the draft sheets «О жизни и смерти» passed through him and Anna Dieterichs in 1886. From late 1888 he made the author-approved simplified popular exposition «Об истинной жизни», read before peasants; later the Geneva/Christchurch publisher of the banned book. 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Heard the comedy read aloud (with Leskov) as a Yasnaya house-guest, 25 Jan 1890; the chief correspondent of Tolstoy’s self-disparaging verdicts on the work. 1886-the-power-of-darkness: Ran the censorship campaign (the salon readings) and the Posrednik popular edition; arranged the variant Act 4’s placement; received the copyright-renunciation instruction. 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Disciple and intended publisher (Posrednik); the editorial pressure behind the Afterword; pushed unsuccessfully for a “moral marriage” compromise. 1889-1899-resurrection: Ran the complete uncensored edition abroad («Свободное слово»); managed foreign rights for the Doukhobor fund; partial spiritual prototype for Nekhlyudov (editors’ conjecture). 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon: Copied the first chapter (1880s); edited both the censored Moscow 1911 and the uncensored Berlin posthumous editions. 1889-1909-the-devil: Carried and copied the autograph (1890), urged publication, held the manuscript in Petersburg; recipient of the 1884 and 1898 letters. 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Disciple and chief organizer of the composition: the manuscript passed through him for copying and distribution to the translators; he supplied source-books, sent emissaries (M. N. Chistyakov, E. P. Sokolov) for the chapters, and repeatedly urged Tolstoy to soften the attacks on church and state. Later, from England, he published the uncut text (Svobodnoe Slovo, 1898/1902). 1890-1898-father-sergius: Instigated the work; received its first draft and the marquee letter; the 1898 Doukhobor logistics run through him; edited the 1911 first edition. 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism: Primary interlocutor through the composition crisis (Oct–Nov 1893, Feb 1894); arranged and undertook the English translation/publication 1894-1895-master-and-man: Tolstoy’s closest disciple and founder of Posrednik (1854–1936); his December 1894 visit framed the drafting surge (and the portrait quarrel that seeded the SAT crisis); he requested an early copy for English translation; Posrednik issued the story simultaneously with Severny Vestnik (the 3-kopeck mass edition). 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching: Editor, English translator, first publisher; running confidant during composition; physically present at Yasnaya Polyana repeatedly; imposed the 8-part/1–404 structure on the 1898 text 1896-1904-hadji-murat: Disciple and editor; took down the 1896 Stasov request slip; printed the uncensored Berlin (Ladyzhnikov) edition in 1912, restoring the cuts. 1897-1898-what-is-art: Tolstoy’s closest collaborator; in English exile from 1897; the abroad-publishing channel that made the complete uncensored text possible; recipient of the composition letters and the draft censorship preface. 1900-the-living-corpse: recipient of the “балуясь” letter (12 Dec 1900); editor of the posthumous first edition (1911) 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: Recipient of the genesis letter; published the work through the Free Word press (England, 1900); he and A. K. Chertkova edited chapter XIV 1901-1902-what-is-religion: publisher (Free Word / «Свободное слово», Christchurch, England); primary correspondent during composition; received the manuscript for typesetting 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: Obtained Tolstoy’s consent to publish; arranged the English edition (Free Age Press / The Free Age Press translation). 1903-after-the-ball: Editor of «Посмертные художественные произведения» (1911), the story’s first publication. 1904-bethink-yourselves: Translator (with I. F. M.), editor, and abroad-publisher. The entire publication ran through him: Tolstoy sent each instalment to Christchurch, gave him carte blanche to cut, and approved his six proof changes. His Free Age Press issued the first edition. 1905-the-great-sin: Disciple, editor, publisher. Came to Yasnaya Polyana 24 May–3 June 1905 and proposed the cuts that produced the variants; set apart and separately published the one paragraph (E15) he judged to stand against the essay’s argument (his reason in his 8 July 1905 letter, per the PSS commentary — E28); published the essay (and that paragraph, as «Необходимый переворот») via «Свободное слово». 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu: Translated the letter into English (the authorized “A Letter to a Hindoo”); his hand is in the Russian text from the first June drafts (“Чертков прекрасно поправил”). Tolstoy corrected and edited the English translation. 1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Publisher and editorial confidant; received the manuscript, edited it in red ink (with Tolstoy’s telegraphed approval), and published it complete abroad through Free Age Press / Свободное слово. 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love: Publisher abroad and editorial confidant; received the article, corrected it, returned it improved; his Free Age Press / «Свободное слово» issued the first complete edition (1909) and the corrected 1917 text. against-the-death-penalty: Tolstoy’s closest disciple and foreign publisher; received and printed the cluster abroad through «Свободное слово» / Free Age Press; proposed edits to «Царю и его помощникам» and «Не убий никого» (mostly minor). Extend the existing vault page. biryukov-sofia-relationship: Editor and close associate of Tolstoy, entrusted with his manuscripts and diaries; named diary-executor in the 1895 testament; on the opposing side of Sofia in the 1910 will crisis; first (censored) publisher of the diaries (1916) break-with-the-church: Tolstoy’s closest disciple; published all the banned church-break works abroad through «Свободное слово» (Christchurch, England); the relay through whom news of the Tsar letter returned. Extend the existing page with the 1901–02 publishing role. christian-anarchism: Tolstoy’s closest disciple and publisher; gave «христианский анархизм» programmatic Russian form in the 1905 booklet O khristianskom anarkhizme (Svobodnoe Slovo), the in-circle frame the Sacy phrase points to. The 1905 booklet is not held locally. copyright-renunciation: co-drafter of the six wills; drafted the 1910 Explanatory Note; held Tolstoy’s post-1881 rights crisis: disciple/correspondent from 1883; the PSS Tom 85 apparatus that carries the editors’ ‘кризис своих воззрений’ annotates the Chertkov letters doukhobors: Co-author of «Help!»; expelled to England 1897, where he became the organising hub of the relief effort. fire-metaphor: Closest disciple; conduit for the 1904 soldiers’ letter; co-author of the Doukhobor record folk-tales: Tolstoy’s closest disciple; published the legend and the trio abroad through «Свободное слово» (England); disputed the word «христианское» in the devil’s mouth (Tolstoy refused to change it). Extend the existing page. gospel-translation: Later custodian/publisher of the banned works; his Croydon/Free Age circle stands behind the first English translation krug-chtenija-tales: Tolstoy’s closest disciple and the abroad-channel publisher («Свободное слово»); supervised the foreign first printings of Божеское и человеческое (1906) and shaped its proof; keeper of the uncensored originals; edited the posthumous 1911 «Посмертные художественные произведения» that first printed Алёша Горшок. Extend the existing page. late-voice-encryption-compression: The abroad-publishing channel: ran «Свободное слово» / Free Age Press (Maldon → Purleigh → Christchurch/Tuckton, England); sole authorised node for Tolstoy’s writings going abroad (1900); sole posthumous literary executor (1904/1910). The page exists; this dive supplies the channel-protocol evidence to enrich it. stories-for-the-people: Co-founder and operational head of Posrednik: commissioned tales, supplied sources (the Saillens story), routed censorship, managed Sytin production — the daily correspondent of the whole project (Toms 85–86). tolstoyanism: Not named in the four quotes, but the focal point of the ambivalence: the de facto organiser, dogmatist and publisher (Free Age Press) of the very movement Tolstoy disowns. The gap between Tolstoy’s ‘there is no such thing’ and Chertkov’s institution-building is the dive’s central tension.
Обличаемые спрятались за цензуру и штыки (working English) Those exposed have hidden behind censorship and bayonets. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 90–91 · 1879-1882-a-confession · 1882-03-03 (OS, unsent)
Письмо Черткова — вызывает написать о заповедях для народа. Кажется, что надо. Это захватило меня, но не знаю. (working English) A letter from Chertkov — urges me to write about the commandments for the people. It seems I must. It has seized me, but I don’t know. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 64–65 · 1882-1884-what-i-believe · 1883-03-09 (OS)
Я сижу на шее у человека, задавил его и требую, чтобы он вез меня, и, не слезая о него, уверяю себя и других, что я очень жалею и хочу облегчить его положение всеми возможными средствами, но только не тем, чтобы слезть с него. (working English) I sit on a man’s back, choking him and making him carry me, and yet assure myself and others that I am very sorry for him and wish to ease his lot by every possible means — except by getting off his back. — PSS Tom 25, pp. ch. XVI (the keystone) · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1882–1886
по содержанию ко всем (working English) in content, to everyone (it relates to our circle only in form). — PSS Tom 85, pp. 67 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1885-06-01/02
скоро сталь путаться (working English) soon got tangled (today I wrote a little of Ivan Ilyich and soon got tangled). — PSS Tom 85, pp. 95 · 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich · 1886-01-16/17
«Власть тьмы» вообще выше понимания масс, которым только доступны народные рассказы и поучения Льва Николаевича (working English) “...The Power of Darkness is altogether above the understanding of the masses, to whom only Lev Nikolaevich’s folk tales and teachings are accessible.” (A. A. Stakhovich’s argument to the censor, per his letter to S. A. Tolstaya.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 714 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-01
Прошу всех печатать где и как хотят, и прав собственности ни я ни мои наследники заявлять не будем (working English) “I ask everyone to print it where and how they wish, and neither I nor my heirs will declare property rights.” (Tolstoy to Chertkov, 23 Feb 1887.) — PSS Tom 26, pp. 715 · 1886-the-power-of-darkness · 1887-02-23
полное воздержание лучше всего, но только для тех, кто могут вместить. (working English) full abstinence is best, but only for those who can contain it. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 625-646 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Нет такого брака. (working English) There is no such marriage. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 625-646 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
написал к этому послесловие — его от меня требовали многие — Чертков в том числе (working English) I have written an afterword to it — many demanded it of me, Chertkov among them. — PSS Tom 65 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1890-04-06
Продажа повести и получение 12-ти тысяч, которые отдал духоборам, устроилось хорошо. […] Дела очень много, но я весь поглощен Воскресением, берегу воду и пускаю только на Воскресение. (working English) The sale of the tale and the receipt of twelve thousand, which I handed over to the Doukhobors, worked out well. […] I have a great deal of work, but I am wholly absorbed in Resurrection, I husband my water and let it flow only onto Resurrection. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 210-211 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-11-02
Дело это предоставлено мною Черткову (V. Tchertkoff. Maldon. Essex, England), к которому немецкие переводчики и издатели имеют обратиться. […] В повести есть много мест нецензурных, и чем дальше я над нею работаю, тем этих нецензурных мест становится больше. (working English) [On foreign rights:] This matter has been delegated by me to Chertkov (V. Tchertkoff. Maldon. Essex, England), to whom German translators and publishers should apply. […] The novel contains many passages that will not pass the censor, and the further I work on it the more such passages appear. — PSS Tom 71, pp. 306 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-11-07
Чертков просил, чтобы я просил его взять на себя все дела по духоборческому делу и переводам Воскресения, и я сделал это. […] Воскресенье выйдет в России 13-го марта, так нужно для переводов — и, как кажется, право первого печатания продано в Англию и Америку. (working English) Chertkov asked me to ask him to take charge of all affairs relating to the Doukhobor matter and to the translations of Resurrection, and I have done so. […] Resurrection will appear in Russia on 13 March; that date is set for the sake of the translations — and, it seems, first-publication rights have been sold to England and America. — PSS Tom 71, pp. 347 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1898-12-16
Будьте так добры переслать две тысячи рублей в Англию по следующему адресу: Vladimir Tchertkoff, Purleigh, Maldon, Essex, England. Две тысячи рублей эти я буду считать полученными мною за предоставленное вам право первого печатания в Ниве моего отрывка: История Матери. (working English) Please be so good as to forward two thousand roubles to England to the following address: Vladimir Tchertkoff, Purleigh, Maldon, Essex, England. These two thousand roubles I shall consider as received by me in exchange for the first-publication right in Niva which I have granted you for my excerpt: The Story of a Mother. — PSS Tom 72, pp. 056 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899-03-02
Первое и самое главное: духоборы, и духоборы Кипрские. […] Вы меня очень озадачили и смутили, написав, что для их отъезда нужно 40 тысяч и деньги эти должен достать я. […] Другое дело это мое писанье, в котором я не могу ничего двигать, так как нездоровится и мне прямо противно это писанье, особенно конец. А Маркс просит прислать конец, чтобы, судя по нем, цензура решила, можно ли пропустить начало. (working English) First and most important: the Doukhobors, and the Cyprus Doukhobors. […] You puzzled and disturbed me greatly by writing that 40,000 roubles are needed for their departure and that I must obtain this money. […] The other matter is my writing, which I cannot advance at all since I am unwell and the writing is simply repellent to me, especially the ending. And Marks is pressing me to send the ending so that the censor can decide, on the basis of it, whether the beginning may be passed. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 541 · 1889-1899-resurrection · 1899-02-05
И он увидал, что зло расходится, но не поборает добра. А добро также расходится и поборает зло And he saw that evil spreads, but does not conquer good. And good likewise spreads and conquers evil. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 558 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1886-09-15
однако с цензурными урезками however, with censorship excisions (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 580 (commentary) · 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon · 1911
я назначил ей свиданье и пошел на него. (working English) I arranged an assignation with her and went toward it. — PSS Tom 85 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1884-07-24 (OS)
Иртенева нехорошо печатать, потому что мотив один и тот же, что в Отце Сергие. (working English) It is not good to publish Irtenev, because the motif is the same as in Father Sergius. — PSS Tom 88 · 1889-1909-the-devil · 1898-07-14 (OS)
Смягчать, оговариваясь нельзя. Это нарушает весь тон, а тон выражает чувство, а чувство заражает (working English) To soften, with qualifications, is impossible. It destroys the whole tone, and the tone expresses the feeling, and the feeling infects [the reader]. — PSS Tom 87, pp. 117 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1891-12-14 (OS)
Борьба с похотью тут эпизод, или скорее одна ступень, главная борьба с другим — с славой людской. (working English) The struggle with lust is here an episode, or rather one step; the main struggle is with something else — with human glory. — PSS Tom 87, pp. 71-73 · 1890-1898-father-sergius · 1891-02-16
и пошлю в «Daily Chronicle» и к Suttner (working English) ...and [I] will send it to the Daily Chronicle and to Suttner [for her journal Die Waffen nieder, named in the same sentence]. — PSS Tom 87, pp. 231–233 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-10-30 (OS)
Но с Тулоном сделалось то, что он мне опротивел (working English) But with Toulon what happened is that it became repugnant to me. — PSS Tom 87, pp. 233–235 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-11-03 (OS)
Это было очень глупо с моей стороны. Я опять ею занять, хотя хорошего в ней очень мало (working English) That was very foolish of me. I am occupied with it again, though there is very little good in it. — PSS Tom 87, pp. 235–238 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1893-11-05 (OS)
Я все продолжаю толочь воду в Тулонской ступе (working English) I keep on pounding water in the Toulon mortar [i.e. labouring in vain] — that is, I cannot finish it. — PSS Tom 87, pp. 253–258 · 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism · 1894-02-08 (OS)
Статья разбита Чертковым на восемь частей The article was divided by Chertkov into eight parts — PSS commentary (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 246 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching
хочется писать не в катехизической форме I want to write [it] not in the catechism form (working English) — PSS Tom 87 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1894-11-02
то, чтó было катихизис what was the catechism (working English) — PSS Tom 87 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1895-12-01
более простом и сокращенном виде [I have begun it again] in a simpler and shortened form (working English) — PSS Tom 87 · 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching · 1896-10-12
В. Г. Чертковым был напечатан «Хаджи-Мурат» полностью, с восстановлением всех цензурных пропусков. (working English) V. G. Chertkov printed Hadji Murat in full, with all the censorship omissions restored. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 629-631 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1912
Пишу об искусстве, […] но эта работа отчасти, особенно теперь, ученая и не захватывающая, а на другие работы нет энергии. (working English) I am writing about art, but this work is partly — especially now — scholarly and not engaging, and I have no energy for other work. — PSS Tom 88, pp. letter to V. G. Chertkov, 12 Jan 1897 · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897-01-12
чаще кажется, что ничтожно, что я не имею права свои последние силы класть на такое неважное дело (working English) more often it seems trivial, that I have no right to lay my last strength on such an unimportant matter — PSS Tom 88, pp. letter to V. G. Chertkov, 12 Jul 1897 · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897-07-12
Впервые драма была опубликована в газете «Русское слово» 23 сентября 1911 г. (working English) “The drama was first published in the newspaper Russkoe Slovo on 23 September 1911 [OS], and simultaneously as a separate edition under V. G. Chertkov’s editorship.” (PSS Tom 34 commentary.) — PSS Tom 34, pp. 542 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1952
шутя, или, вернее, балуясь, я написал начерно (working English) “…[the drama] I wrote in jest, or rather, fooling about, as a rough draft… but I not only do not think now of finishing and printing it, I very much doubt I ever shall.” (Letter to Chertkov, 12 Dec 1900.) — PSS Tom 88, pp. 216 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900-12-12 (OS)
Это поощряло бы меня писать легкомысленное. (working English) “It would have encouraged me to write frivolous things.” (Letter to Chertkov, 12 Dec 1900 — on abandoning a planned literary venture.) — PSS Tom 88, pp. 217 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900-12-12 (OS)
рассказал мне, что там грузчики работают 36 часов сряду. Я ездил туда и видел этих людей и эту работу и хочется рассказать то, что довелось думать об этом. (working English) [Afanasy ... now a weigher on the Kazan railway] told me that the loaders there work 36 hours at a stretch. I went there and saw these people and this work, and I want to tell what I came to think about it. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 188–189 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-01-02 (OS; editorial history dates it 31 Dec 1899)
начал о религии, о ее значении и об отсутствии ее в нашем мире.⁴ Надеюсь и чувствую, что эта статья увлечет меня и даст возможность высказать многое, что хочется высказать. Надо торопиться. (working English) I have begun [writing] about religion, about its significance and about its absence in our world. I hope and feel that this article will carry me away and will make it possible to say much that I want to say. I must hurry. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 243–244 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-08-12
Две, включая и О p e л иг ии, у меня есть вещи, которые я буду виноват, если не кончу до смерти.⁶ Виноват, потому что мог сделать это прежде. (working English) Two things — including On Religion — are works for which I shall be guilty if I do not finish them before death. Guilty, because I could have done it earlier. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 244–246 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-09-14
Пишу я, как вы знаете, о религии, «Что такое религия?». Написано и много раз пересмотрено 12 глав, — остается едва ли 6. (working English) I am writing, as you know, about religion, ‘What is religion?’ Twelve chapters have been written and many times reviewed — barely 6 remain. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 247–250 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-11-06
А, главное, надеюсь, что кончил о религии (Что такое религия и ее назначение). Нечто придется переменить, прибавить кое-что в последней 16-й главе. Как всегда, то кажется, что много там важных мыслей, хотя и дурно выраженных, то кажется, что всё нехорошо. Одно знаю, что написать это мне было нужно, и я сделал, что мог. (working English) I hope I have finished On Religion (What is religion and its purpose). Something will need to be changed, a little added in the last, 16th chapter… One thing I know: it was necessary for me to write this, and I did what I could. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 251–252 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-11-30
Статья появилась сначала в газете «Русское слово» 1906 г. (working English) The essay first appeared in the newspaper Russkoe Slovo in 1906. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 680-684 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1950 (Grossman)
Это начатое мною предисловие к статье Crosby об отношении Шекспира к рабочему народу, которое переросло статью Crosby и стоило мне большого труда. (working English) This is the preface I began to Crosby’s article on Shakespeare’s relation to the working people, which has outgrown Crosby’s article and cost me much labour. — PSS Tom 88, pp. 308-310 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-10-06 (OS)
Впервые рассказ «После бала» был напечатан в издании: «Посмертные художественные произведения Льва Николаевича Толстого под редакцией В. Черткова», I, М. 1911, стр. 117—128. (working English) The story “After the Ball” was first printed in the edition: “Posthumous Artistic Works of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, edited by V. Chertkov,” vol. I, Moscow, 1911, pp. 117–128. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 551 · 1903-after-the-ball · 1911
От этого я соединил две темы, и, пожалуй, ни одна не обработана достаточно Because of this I joined two themes together, and perhaps neither is worked out sufficiently. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 604–621 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-04-28
Статья вышла в издании «Свободного слова», в Крайстчерче, в Англии, в 1904 г. The article appeared in the Free Word [Free Age Press] edition, at Christchurch, in England, in 1904. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 604–621 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904
пожалуйста, выкиньте всё такое please throw out everything of that kind. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 604–621 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-05-04
Я никак не думал, чтобы эта ужасная война так подействовала на меня, как она подействовала. I never thought that this terrible war would affect me as it has. (working English) — PSS Tom 75, pp. 116–117 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-06-01
приехал из Англии Чертков, который предложил Толстому сделать в статье ряд сокращений Chertkov arrived from England and proposed that Tolstoy make a series of cuts in the article — PSS commentary (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 656 · 1905-the-great-sin
Сократил Великий Грех, выбросил многое. Мне жалко I shortened The Great Sin, threw out much. I regret it (working English) — PSS Tom 55 · 1905-the-great-sin · 1905-06-06
как теперь начаты мною о заступниках народа и о неправедности земельной собственности и Генри Джордже as now begun by me — about the defenders of the people, and about the unrighteousness of land property, and Henry George (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · 1905-the-great-sin · 1905-04-17
На английский язык письмо было переведено В. Г. Чертковым. Толстой исправил и отредактировал этот перевод The letter was translated into English by V. G. Chertkov. Tolstoy corrected and edited this translation. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 444–446 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1909-05 (OS)
Начал письмо к Индусу, да запнулся. Began the letter to the Hindu, but stumbled. (working English) — PSS Tom 56, pp. 133 · 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu · 1908-06-10 (OS)
«Это смертные казни так мучает меня, что я не могу быть спокоен, пока не выскажу всех тех чувств, которые во мне это вызывает» “These executions so torment me that I cannot be at peace until I have expressed all the feelings they arouse in me.” — Tolstoy to Chertkov, ~1 June 1908, quoted in the editorial history. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 426 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
«Изменения вполне одобряю, издавайте скорей» “I fully approve the changes, publish quickly.” — telegram to Chertkov, 9 June 1908. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 426 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
В. Г. Чертков пометил в ней красными чернилами ряд новых абзацев, исправил пунктуацию и внес значительное число мелких исправлений, вставок и сокращений. V. G. Chertkov marked in it, in red ink, a number of new paragraphs, corrected the punctuation, and made a significant number of small corrections, insertions and abridgements. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 429 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Перестаньте, а если не хотите перестать, то делайте то же и надо мною, потому что до тех пор, пока я жив, и вы будете делать то же, я не перестану обличать вас. Stop; and if you will not stop, then do the same to me too, because until I die, and while you go on doing the same, I will not cease to denounce you. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 431 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
Полностью впервые, но с большим количеством опечаток и ошибок, опубликована в изд. «Свободное слово» (Christchurch, England, 1909) In full for the first time, but with a great many misprints and errors, it was published by the Svobodnoe Slovo [Free Word / Free Age Press] press (Christchurch, England, 1909). (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 436–438 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1909
взялся за другое, пока жив. [I have finished the article and] taken up something else, while I am still alive. (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-05-01
Сейчас получил статью, и всё не так, а лучше, чем я ожидал I have just received the article, and it is all not as [I feared] but better than I expected. (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love · 1908-06-09
Чертков обещал мне еще при жизни моей сделать это. Chertkov promised me, while I am still alive, to do this [destroy/prune the diaries]. (working English) — PSS Tom 53, pp. 14-18 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1895-03-27
завещание, если есть таковое. [to make my will invalid,] if such a will exists. (working English) — reconstructed from TEI reg, cross-checked vs facsimile. — PSS Tom 58, pp. 137 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1910-09-16
почти душевно больна — ненависть к Черткову, ревность к нему, и мне очень трудно. almost mentally ill — hatred of Chertkov, jealousy of him, and it is very hard for me. (working English) — PSS Tom 82, pp. 95 · biryukov-sofia-relationship · 1910-07-19
Дальнейшая перепечатка статьи была запрещена духовной цензурой. (working English) Further reprinting of the article was forbidden by the spiritual [ecclesiastical] censorship. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 575–577 · break-with-the-church · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Ответ Синоду, кажется, кончил.[…]Продолжаются приветствия и ругательства. (working English) The Reply to the Synod, it seems, is finished. […] The greetings and the abuse continue. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 93–94 · break-with-the-church · 1901-04-13
пишу Вам как бы с того света, находясь в ожидании близкой смерти. (working English) I write to you as if from the other world, awaiting near death. — PSS Tom 73, pp. 184–198 · break-with-the-church · 1902-01-29
1) Все его сочинения, литературные произведения и писания всякого рода, как уже где-либо напечатанные, так и еще не изданные, не составляли после его смерти ничьей частной собственности, а могли бы быть издаваемы и перепечатываемы всеми, кто этого захочет. (working English) 1) That all his compositions, literary works and writings of every kind, whether already published anywhere or not yet issued, should after his death be no one’s private property, but might be published and reprinted by anyone who wishes. — PSS Tom 82, pp. 227–231 · copyright-renunciation · 1910-07-31
…21 мая 1883 г. Толстой, пережив уже кризис своих воззрений и отстраняясь от всяких дел материального характера, выдал ей нотариально засвидетельствованную доверенность… …on 21 May 1883 Tolstoy, having already lived through the crisis of his views and withdrawing from all affairs of a material character, issued her a notarised power of attorney… (working English) — EDITORIAL voice: Jubilee Edition apparatus, not Tolstoy. — PSS Tom 85, pp. 193–196 (editorial note) · TEI v85_059_a10_11 · crisis · 1885
Среди духоборов, или, скорее, христианского всемирного братства, как они теперь называют себя, происходит ведь не что-нибудь новое, а только произрастание того семени, которое посеяно Христом 1800 лет тому назад, — воскресение самого Христа. Among the Doukhobors — or rather the universal Christian brotherhood, as they now call themselves — what is taking place is nothing new, but only the sprouting of that seed which was sown by Christ 1,800 years ago: the resurrection of Christ himself. (working English) — PSS Tom 39, pp. 192–196 · doukhobors · 1896-12-26
это искра того огня, который Христос низвел на землю и который начинает возгораться. this is a spark of that fire which Christ brought down to the earth and which is beginning to blaze up. (working English) — PSS Tom 88, pp. 718 · fire-metaphor · 1904-05-08
Легенда «Разрушение ада и восстановление его» была задумана Толстым как «иллюстрация» к статье «Обращение к духовенству». Источником легенды послужила одна из легенд, рассказанных Толстому в 1879 г. В. П. Щеголенком (working English) The legend “The Destruction of Hell and Its Restoration” was conceived by Tolstoy as an “illustration” to the article “Appeal to the Clergy”. The source of the legend was one of the legends told to Tolstoy in 1879 by V. P. Shchegolyonok. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 546–547 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
В России легенда «Разрушение ада и восстановление его» впервые появилась только в 1917 г. (working English) In Russia the legend “The Destruction of Hell and Its Restoration” first appeared only in 1917. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 546–547 · folk-tales · 1952 (PSS apparatus)
Впервые рассказ напечатан в I томе «Посмертных художественных произведений Л. Н. Толстого» под редакцией В. Г. Черткова, Москва 1911. (working English) The story was first printed in vol. I of “Posthumous Artistic Works of L. N. Tolstoy”, edited by V. G. Chertkov, Moscow 1911. — PSS Tom 36, pp. 582–583 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1936 (PSS apparatus)
С английского в переводе А. Грена рассказ под заглавием «Божеское и человеческое, или Еще три смерти» был напечатан в №№ 8 —14 газеты «Новая жизнь» от 16—22 июня 1906 г. (working English) From the English, in A. Gren’s translation, the story — under the title “The Divine and the Human, or Three More Deaths” — was printed in nos. 8–14 of the newspaper “Novaya zhizn”, 16–22 June 1906. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 645–665 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus)
Я давно уже отказался от права собственности на все мои сочинения, вышедшие после 1891 года (working English) I long ago renounced the right of property in all my writings published after 1891. — PSS Tom 76, pp. — · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906-04-01
начав перечитывать «Божеское и человеческое», ужаснулся на то, как главная часть, предсмертные часы Светлогуба отвратительно дурны. (working English) on re-reading “The Divine and the Human” I was horrified at how the main part — Svetlogub’s last hours before death — is disgustingly bad. — PSS Tom 89, pp. 25 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1905-10-18
Всё это, вероятно, не пройдет в России, но может быть напечатано за границей. (working English) All this will probably not get through in Russia, but it can be printed abroad. — PSS Tom 89, pp. — · krug-chtenija-tales · 1905-04-17
Очень жалею, что забыл про Божеское и Человеческое и поместил в Круг Чтения (working English) I much regret that I forgot about “The Divine and the Human” and placed it in the Circle of Reading. — PSS Tom 89, pp. — · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906-11-26
Ему одному я посылал и посылаю теперь для печатания за границей по-русски и в переводах все мои новые писания. To him alone I sent, and send now, for publication abroad in Russian and in translation, all my new writings. (working English) — PSS Tom 76 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1906-01-14
Чертковым, который заведует печатанием всего мною писанного Chertkov, who is in charge of the printing of everything I have written (working English) — PSS Tom 80 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1909-12-19
что выбросить, что оставить и когда и где и в какой форме издать what to discard, what to keep, and when and where and in what form to publish (working English) — PSS Tom 88 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1904-05-13
чтобы за границу все мои писания проникали только через вас that all my writings reach abroad only through you (working English) — PSS Tom 88 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1900-12-12
не пройдет в России, но может быть напечатано за границей will not get through in Russia, but can be printed abroad (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1905-04-17
печатать всю или ничего [I set a conditio sine qua non —] to print the whole thing or nothing (working English) — PSS Tom 89 · late-voice-encryption-compression · 1906-02-13
C’est ainsi, monsieur, qu’à mon grand regret je me suis rendu coupable envers vous d’un plagiat involontaire (working English) [from the French original] Thus it is, monsieur, that to my great regret I have made myself guilty toward you of an involuntary plagiarism. — PSS Tom 64 · stories-for-the-people · 1888-10 OS
Ждите, что ничего из этого не выйдет. Я очень желаю успеха, но постоянно себя осаживаю, т. е. сомневаюсь в успехе. (working English) Expect that nothing will come of this. I very much wish for success, but I constantly rein myself in — that is, I doubt the success. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1884-12-08 OS
Но ни то ни другое не для народа. (working English) But neither the one nor the other is for the people. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-01-02/03 OS
Поправляю его. Может быть, будет лучше. Еще написал небольшой рассказ (working English) I am correcting it. Perhaps it will be better. I have also written a small story. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-03-17/18 OS
Вся историйка написана в виду этого конца. Вся она груба и по форме и по содержанию (working English) The whole little story was written for the sake of this ending. It is rough in both form and content. — PSS Tom 85 · stories-for-the-people · 1885-11-11 OS
Прошу всех печатать, где и как хотят, и прав собственности ни я ни мои наследники заявлять не будем. (working English) I ask everyone to print, where and how they wish, and neither I nor my heirs will assert property rights. — PSS Tom 86 · stories-for-the-people · 1887-02-23 OS
Что Посредника и свою работу в нем вам покидать не надо. На мой взгляд это божье дело и вы делаете его волю. (working English) That you must not abandon Posrednik and your work in it. In my view it is God’s work, and you are doing His will. — PSS Tom 86 · stories-for-the-people · 1889-02-19/20 OS
Visuals: 22 (21 usable) — V. G. Chertkov, 1854–1936 (Kramskoy) [PD], V. G. Chertkov (Repin, c.1890) [PD], V. G. Chertkov [PD], Ivan Kramskoy — Portrait of Vladimir Chertkov [PD], Tolstoy photographed by Chertkov (1906) [PD], Chertkov-hand copy of ch. I + ch. XI–XIII sheets [unknown], V. G. Chertkov [PD], Vladimir Chertkov (Repin, c.1890) [PD], Vladimir G. Chertkov, portrait, 1890s (Ilya Repin) [PD], The Christian Teaching — 1898 first-edition title page (US co-edition: Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York; ‘translated by V. Tchertkoff’) [PD], Vladimir Chertkov (photographed 1883) [PD], Chertkov and Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, 29 March 1909 [PD], Betänken Eder! (Stockholm: Björck & Börjesson, 1904) — front cover [PD], Vladimir Grigoryevich Chertkov (1890s), by Ilya Repin [PD], Vladimir Chertkov and Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, 29 March 1909 [PD], Leo Tolstoy holding a book — photographed by V. G. Chertkov, 1908 [PD], Chertkov with Tolstoy, Yasnaya Polyana 1909 [PD], Vladimir Chertkov, portrait by Ilya Repin (1890s) [PD], Tolstoy and Chertkov together, Yasnaya Polyana, 29 March 1909 [PD], Tolstoy and Chertkov at Yasnaya Polyana, 1909 [PD], Tolstoy with his granddaughter, photographed by Vladimir Chertkov, 1910 (final year) [PD], Tolstoy at chess with Chertkov’s son [PD]
Vladimir Istomin
person · missing · dives: stories-for-the-people
stories-for-the-people: Editor of «Детский отдых», first publisher of «Чем люди живы» (Dec 1881).
Я переменил не больше 20 строк во всем, но они очень нужны, особенно в конце. (working English) I changed no more than 20 lines in the whole, but they are badly needed, especially at the end. — PSS Tom 90 · stories-for-the-people · 1881-12-01 approx OS
Синий карандаш на портках не мой, и исключить их потому нельзя, что тогда ангел будет без порток. (working English) The blue pencil on the breeches is not mine, and they cannot be cut, because then the angel would be without breeches. — PSS Tom 90 · stories-for-the-people · 1881-12-04 OS
Vladimir Lopatin
person · missing · dives: 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment
1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment: Then a justice of the peace, later a Moscow Art Theatre actor; played the 3rd Peasant so well at the 1889 staging that Tolstoy expanded the role.
М. Л. Толстую — кухарку, А. М. Новикова — буфетчика Якова, С. А. Лопухина — Звездинцева, С. Э. Мамонову — толстую барыню, Н. В. Давыдова — профессора Кругосветлова, Т. Л. Толстую — Таню (working English) “...M. L. Tolstaya as the cook, A. M. Novikov as the butler Yakov, S. A. Lopukhin as Zvezdintsev, S. E. Mamonova as the fat lady, N. V. Davydov as Professor Krugosvetlov, T. L. Tolstaya as Tanya.” (Editorial commentary, the 30 Dec 1889 cast.) — PSS Tom 27, pp. 661 · 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment · 1889-12-30
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse
1900-the-living-corpse: co-founder/director of the Moscow Art Theatre; came to Yasnaya Polyana (Oct 1900) to ask for the play; principal director of the 1911 premiere
Немирович Данченко был о драме. А у меня к ней охота прошла. (working English) “Nemirovich-Danchenko came about the drama. But my appetite for it has gone.” (Diary, 16 Oct 1900.) — PSS Tom 54, pp. 48 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900-10-16 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, oil by Boris Kustodiev, 1915 [PD]
Vladimir Posse
person · missing · dives: 1900-the-living-corpse, art-aesthetics-satellites · names: V. A. Posse / Vladimir Posse
1900-the-living-corpse: editor of the journal Жизнь; asked for the play; Tolstoy refused (Oct 1900) art-aesthetics-satellites: Editor of «Жизнь для всех»; commissioned the 1909 Gogol article for the birth-centenary.
Я нетолько не обещал драмы, которой у меня нет, но и ничего не обещал. (working English) “I not only did not promise a drama I do not have — I promised nothing at all.” (Letter to V. A. Posse, 6 Oct 1900.) — PSS Tom 72, pp. 482 · 1900-the-living-corpse · 1900-10-06 (OS)
Гоголь — огромный талант, прекрасное сердце и небольшой, несмелый, робкий ум. (working English) Gogol — an enormous talent, a fine heart, and a small, timid, fearful mind. — PSS Tom 38, pp. 50-53 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1909-03
Vladimir Stasov
person · missing · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · names: Vladimir Stasov / Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov
1896-1904-hadji-murat: Critic and librarian at the Imperial Public Library; Tolstoy’s principal book-supplier for the Caucasus and Nicholas-I research (1896–1904). 1897-1898-what-is-art: Critic at the St Petersburg Public Library; supplied Tolstoy the aesthetics bibliography (and the Decadent journal «Pan») that the treatise demolishes; disagreed with Tolstoy on aesthetics. 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: Critic; supplied the Shakespeare scholarship (Brandes, via Storozhenko), visited Yasnaya Polyana Sept 1903, recommended Nordau/Brandes.
Главное, нужно мне историю, географию, этнографию Аварского ханства в нынешнем столетии. (working English) The main thing I need is the history, geography, ethnography of the Avar Khanate in the present century. — PSS Tom 69 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-12-27
Продолжаю заниматься пустяками, Хаджи-Муратом (working English) I continue to occupy myself with trifles — Hadji Murat. — PSS Tom 73 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-09-11
Больше мне ничего не нужно. И так совестно, что держу еще ваши книги. (working English) I need nothing more. And I feel so ashamed at still holding your books. — PSS Tom 70, pp. letter to V. V. Stasov, 3 Sep 1897 · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897-09-03
Я всё копаюсь с Шекспиром et je ne démords pas de mon idée. (working English) I keep digging at Shakespeare, and I won’t give up my idea. [French: ‘et je ne démords pas de mon idée’] — PSS Tom 74, pp. 202-203 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-10-09 (OS)
Дело не в аристократизме Шекспира, а в извращении, посредством восхваления нехудожественных произведений, эстетического вкуса. (working English) The point is not Shakespeare’s aristocratism, but the perversion of aesthetic taste through the praise of non-artistic works. — PSS Tom 74, pp. 202-203 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-10-09 (OS)
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Vladimir Stasov (Repin’s 1889 oil portrait) [PD], Vladimir Stasov (by Ilya Repin, 1905) [PD]
Voprosy filosofii i psikhologii
institution · missing · dives: 1897-1898-what-is-art
1897-1898-what-is-art: Moscow philosophy journal (ed. N. Ya. Grot) that published the first, censored Russian serial of the treatise (1897–1898).
Сначала Грот смягчал мои выражения, иногда ослабляя их, напр. заменял слова «всегда» — словами «иногда»; слова «все» — словами «некоторые»; слово «церковное» — словом «католическое»; слово «богородица» — словом «мадонна»; слово «патриотизм» — словом «лжепатриотизм»; слово «дворцы» — словом «палаты» и т. п. (working English) At first Grot softened my expressions, sometimes weakening them — e.g. he replaced ‘always’ with ‘sometimes’; ‘all’ with ‘some’; ‘ecclesiastical’ with ‘Catholic’; ‘the Mother of God’ with ‘the Madonna’; ‘patriotism’ with ‘false patriotism’; ‘palaces’ with ‘mansions,’ and so on. — PSS Tom 30, pp. pp. 204–206 · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1898-03-17
Wage Slavery
concept · missing · dives: 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times
1900-the-slavery-of-our-times: The central concept: modern wage labour as a new, firmer form of slavery, continuous with serfdom and chattel slavery; rests on laws → organized violence → government
за деньги, дающие только пропитание, люди, считающиеся свободными, находят нужным отдаваться в такую работу, в которую во времена крепостного права ни один самый жестокий рабовладелец не послал бы своих рабов (working English) for money that gives only subsistence, men considered free find it necessary to give themselves up to work to which, in the time of serfdom, no cruellest slaveholder would have sent his slaves. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 150 (ch. I) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
все люди нашего времени разделяются на рабов и господ — так же определенно, как, несмотря на сумерки, разделяются сутки на день и ночь (working English) all men of our time are divided into slaves and masters — as definitely as, despite the twilight, the day is divided into day and night. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 176 (ch. VIII) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Одно средство порабощения отменяется только тогда, когда другое уже заменило его. (working English) One means of enslavement is abolished only when another has already replaced it. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 180 (ch. VIII) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Узаконения — это правила, устанавливаемые людьми, распоряжающимися организованным насилием, за неисполнение которых неисполняющие подвергаются побоям, лишению свободы и даже убийству. (working English) Laws are rules established by people who command organized violence, for the non-fulfilment of which the non-fulfillers are subjected to beatings, deprivation of freedom, and even killing. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 194 (ch. XII) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Но организованное насилие есть правительство. (working English) But organized violence is government. — PSS Tom 34, pp. 197 (ch. XIII) · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900
Невольничество отменяется, когда утверждается крепостное право. Крепостное право отменяется, когда земля отнята и подати установлены; теперь освобождают от податей, когда орудия труда отняты. (working English) Chattel slavery is abolished when serfdom is established. Serfdom is abolished when the land has been taken and taxes set; now they free men from taxes, once the tools of labour have been taken. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 10–11 · 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times · 1900-03-13 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Russian railway/dock loaders c.1890–1905 (the work’s opening scene) [unknown]
What I Believe
work · missing · dives: crisis
crisis: companion confessional work; ‘жизнь моя вдруг переменилась’
Пять лет тому назад я поверил в учение Христа — и жизнь моя вдруг переменилась […] Со мной случилось то, что случается с человеком, который вышел за делом и вдруг дорогой решил, что дело это ему совсем не нужно,— и повернул домой. Five years ago I came to believe in Christ’s teaching — and my life suddenly changed […] What happened to me was what happens to a man who goes out on some errand and then suddenly decides on the way that the errand is of no use to him at all — and turns back home. (working English) — PSS Tom 23, pp. 304 · TEI v23_304_465_V_chem_moja_vera · crisis · 1884
What Is Art
concept · stub · dives: 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites · names: What Is Art? (the renunciation-of-art doctrine) / What Is Art? (work) / What Is Art?
1896-1904-hadji-murat: The 1897–98 aesthetic doctrine (art must be sincere, universal, “infectious” of the highest feeling) that overlaps this work’s composition and against which Tolstoy measured — and condemned — the writing of Hadji Murat. The marquee-question pole; the project has a dive at docs/research/1897-1898-what-is-art. 1897-1898-what-is-art: The work itself — record exists as an empty stub; this dive’s workRecord proposes the fills. 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: The governing theory; the Shakespeare essay is its practical sequel (relatedWorks). art-aesthetics-satellites: The governing theory the cluster orbits; existing works/ record (id what-is-art).
Соловьи, смолкнувшие во время стрельбы, опять защелкали, сперва один близко и потом другие на дальнем конце. (working English) The nightingales, which had fallen silent during the shooting, began to trill again, at first one close by and then others at the far end. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 5-118 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1896-1904
Писал Хаджи-Мурата неохотно. Опять упражнялся — глупо, почти душевная болезнь. (working English) Wrote Hadji Murat reluctantly. Again indulged [in it] — stupid, almost a mental illness. — PSS Tom 53, pp. 195-196 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1898-05-15
писал Хаджи Мурата, то с охотой, то с неохотой и стыдом. (working English) [I] have been writing Hadji Murat, now with eagerness, now with reluctance and shame. — PSS Tom 54, pp. 134-135 · 1896-1904-hadji-murat · 1902-08-05
Искусство есть деятельность человеческая, состоящая в том, что один человек сознательно известными внешними знаками передает другим испытываемые им чувства, а другие люди заражаются этими чувствами и переживают их. (working English) Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one person consciously, by certain external signs, transmits to others feelings he has lived through, and other people are infected by these feelings and also experience them. — PSS Tom 30, pp. Ch V (pp. 27–203) · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1897–1898
Книга эта моя «Что такое искусство?» выходит теперь в первый раз в ее настоящем виде. (working English) This book of mine, What Is Art?, now comes out for the first time in its true form. — PSS Tom 30, pp. pp. 204–206 (preface to the English edition) · 1897-1898-what-is-art · 1898-03-17
сущность искусства состоит в заражении воспринимающего произведение искусства чувством автора (working English) the essence of art consists in infecting the perceiver of the work of art with the author’s feeling. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 260-261 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
с которым статья о Шекспире непосредственно связана, являясь как бы его продолжением (working English) …with which [What Is Art?] the Shakespeare essay is directly connected, being, as it were, its continuation. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 680-684 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1950 (Grossman)
Из этих трех условий: 1) правильного, т. е. нравственного, отношения автора к предмету, 2) ясности изложения или красоты формы, что одно и то же, и 3) искренности, т. е. непритворного чувства любви или ненависти к тому, что изображает художник, из этих трех условий Мопассан обладал только двумя последними и был совершенно лишен первого. (working English) Of these three conditions — (1) a correct, i.e. moral, relation of the author to the subject; (2) clarity of exposition, or beauty of form, which is one and the same; and (3) sincerity, i.e. an unfeigned feeling of love or hatred toward what the artist depicts — of these three conditions Maupassant possessed only the last two, and was entirely deprived of the first. — PSS Tom 30, pp. 3-24 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1893-1894
Людям надо жить. А для того, чтобы жить, им надо знать, как жить. И все люди всегда — плохо ли, хорошо ли — узнавали это и, сообразно с этим знанием, жили, двигались вперед, и это знание того, как должно жить людям, со времен Моисея, Солона, Конфуция считалось всегда наукой, самой наукой наук. (working English) People must live. And in order to live, they must know how to live. And all people have always — well or badly — learned this and, in accordance with this knowledge, lived and moved forward; and this knowledge of how people should live has, since the times of Moses, Solon, and Confucius, always been considered a science, the very science of sciences. — PSS Tom 31, pp. 87-95 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1897-1898
Происходит это от того, что, с одной стороны, Гоголь приписывает искусству несвойственное ему высокое значение, а с другой — еще менее свойственное религии низкое значение церковное, и хочет объяснить это воображаемое высокое значение своих произведений этой церковной верой. (working English) This comes about because, on the one hand, Gogol ascribes to art a high significance not proper to it, and on the other a still-less-proper low significance to religion — the church significance — and wants to explain this imagined high significance of his works by that church faith. — PSS Tom 38, pp. 50-53 · art-aesthetics-satellites · 1909-03
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — What Is Art? — 1899 Maude English edition (Walter Scott, London) [PD], Leo Tolstoy, 1897 [PD]
what-is-religion
work · missing · dives: 1901-1902-what-is-religion
1901-1902-what-is-religion: subject work — the treatise itself
Истинная религия есть такое согласное с разумом и знаниями человека установленное им отношение к окружающей его бесконечной жизни, которое связывает его жизнь с этой бесконечностью и руководит его поступками. (working English) True religion is such a relation, established by man in accord with his reason and knowledge, to the infinite life surrounding him, which binds his life to that infinity and guides his actions. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 157–198 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1901-08–1902-01
В Дневнике под этим числом Толстой записал: «Думал о трех статьях... 3) что у нас, quasi-христиан, нет никакой религии». (working English) In the Diary under this date Tolstoy wrote: ‘Thought about three articles… 3) that we, quasi-Christians, have no religion at all.’ — PSS Tom 35, pp. 670–675 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1950
Рукописи, относящиеся к статье «Что такое религия и в чем сущность ее?», хранятся в Рукописном отделе Музея Л. Н. Толстого Академии наук СССР, в архиве В. Г. Черткова. Общее количество их исчисляется в 1449 рукописных единиц. (working English) The manuscripts relating to the article are held in the Manuscript Department of the Tolstoy Museum of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in the Chertkov archive. Their total number amounts to 1,449 manuscript units. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 675–676 · 1901-1902-what-is-religion · 1950
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — Tolstoy and Sofia Tolstaya together at Gaspra, Crimea [PD]
William Lloyd Garrison
person · missing · dives: 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you
1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: American abolitionist (1805–1879); his 1838 Declaration of Sentiments of the New England Non-Resistance Society, sent to Tolstoy by his son after reading What I Believe, is the other text the book’s preface introduced. Chapter I opens with the Declaration’s history. A Commons portrait is cached.
Поправил перевод Гарисона и Балу и написал краткое предисловие, так, чтобы в таком виде можно было передать людям. (working English) Corrected the translation of Garrison and Ballou and wrote a short preface, so that in this form it could be given to people. — PSS Tom 51, pp. 68–69 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1890-07-28 (OS)
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — William Lloyd Garrison [PD]
William Shakespeare
person · missing · dives: 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama
1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama: The essay’s subject; route as a person only if a vault page is wanted (peripheral to a Tolstoy-research vault).
есть великое зло, как и всякая неправда (working English) [the indisputable fame of Shakespeare] is a great evil, like every untruth. — PSS Tom 35, pp. 216-217 · 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama · 1903-1904
Visuals: 1 (1 usable) — William Shakespeare (Droeshout, First Folio 1623) [PD]
Wincenty Migurski
person · missing · dives: krug-chtenija-tales
krug-chtenija-tales: Real Polish exiles (post-1830 November Uprising) whose documented lives Tolstoy preserved, names and events, as the protagonists of За что? (via Maximov). Historical persons used as the tale’s central figures.
Альбина и Мигурский являются действительными личностями; сохранены не только их имена, но и события их жизни. (working English) Albina and Migurski are real persons; not only their names but the events of their lives are preserved. — PSS Tom 42, pp. 626–643 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1957 (PSS apparatus, B. M. Eikhenbaum)
За что? за что? — думала она (working English) For what? for what? — she thought… — PSS Tom 42, pp. 84–106 · krug-chtenija-tales · 1906
Visuals: 1 (0 usable) — Wincenty / Albina Migurski — the real couple behind «За что?» [unknown]
Yasnaya Polyana
place · exists · dives: 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-1887-on-life, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent
1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology: Where Tolstoy wrote the work (1879–80) and where he took both manuscript copies in 1884 to revise them (‘to look through and correct the copyists’ slips’). 1882-1884-what-i-believe: Where much of the 1883 drafting and proof-correction was done (alternating with Moscow); a draft was written on the back of a Tula court summons to jury duty served there. 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do: Where the stop-start composition alternated with Moscow; the estate whose income the 1884 diary plan proposes to hand to the peasants. 1886-1887-on-life: Where the summer-1886 leg injury and illness that seeded the work occurred, and where much of the 1887 writing and proof-correcting was done. 1889-1909-the-devil: The estate where The Devil was written (the autograph dated there, 19 Nov 1889) and the thinly veiled setting of its action. 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: Where most of the treatise was written (1890–93); Tolstoy dated the completion ‘Yasnaya Polyana, 14 May 1893’. Composition also continued at Begichevka (Ryazan, the famine-relief base) and in Moscow. 1908-i-cannot-be-silent: Where the essay was written and dated (31 May 1908) and where the March nun-scene and the phonograph dictation took place.
Особенно тяжело мне было то, что, начав все перерабатывать сначала, я отдел обзора православного богословия должен был расширить. И я изучил хорошо богословие и теперь вот кончаю разбор его. (working English) What weighed on me most was that, having begun to rework everything from the start, I had to expand the section surveying Orthodox theology. And I have studied theology thoroughly, and now I am finishing its analysis. — PSS Tom 63, pp. 12–13 · 1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology · 1880-02-29 (OS)
Цель одна — счастье, свое и семьи — зная, что счастье это в том, чтобы довольствоваться малым и делать добро другим. (working English) The single aim — the happiness of oneself and one’s family — knowing that this happiness lies in being content with little and doing good to others. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 122–123 · 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do · 1884 (OS; aggregate, undated)
Но разум есть в человеке. Он-то и уничтожает это противоречие. (working English) But reason is in man. It is precisely this that abolishes the contradiction. — PSS Tom 49, pp. 127–129 · 1886-1887-on-life · 1886-06-19 (OS)
Вчера отослал совсем. (working English) Yesterday I sent it off for good. — PSS Tom 52, pp. 78 · 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you · 1893-05-14 (OS)
«Каждый день десять казней!.. И это всё сделала церковь!.. А Христос велел не противиться злу!..» “Every day ten executions!.. And the church has done all this!.. And Christ commanded not to resist evil!..” (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 425 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1956
31 мая 1908 г. 31 May 1908. (working English) — PSS Tom 37, pp. 96 · 1908-i-cannot-be-silent · 1908
Visuals: 2 (2 usable) — Yasnaya Polyana (Tolstoy’s house) [PD], Yasnaya Polyana house (aerial) [CC-BY-SA]
Yevgeny Feoktistov
person · missing · dives: 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata
1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata: Head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs; issued the print ban (Dec 1889).
категорически объявлено, что она ни в каком случае не будет допущена к выпуску в свет (working English) categorically informed that under no circumstances will it be permitted to appear. — PSS Tom 27, pp. 563-624 · 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata · 1936
Yulia Igumnova
person · missing · dives: 1904-bethink-yourselves
1904-bethink-yourselves: Tolstoy’s secretary/copyist; dispatched the corrections and the final chapters to Chertkov (Apr 1904).
пожалуйста, выкиньте всё такое please throw out everything of that kind. (working English) — PSS Tom 36, pp. 604–621 · 1904-bethink-yourselves · 1904-05-04
4. Integrity report
Unresolved evidenceRefs (0)
- none
Name conflicts (same key, multiple spellings) (49)
- akim-volynsky: Akim Lvovich Volynsky (Flekser) / Akim Volynsky (Flekser) (1894-1895-master-and-man, art-aesthetics-satellites)
- alexander-buturlin: A. S. Buturlin / Aleksandr Sergeevich Buturlin (1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1905-the-great-sin)
- alexandra-tolstaya: Alexandra Andreevna Tolstaya / Alexandra Tolstaya (1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1904-bethink-yourselves, copyright-renunciation)
- anatoly-koni: A. F. Koni / Anatoly Fyodorovich Koni (1889-1899-resurrection, 1900-the-living-corpse)
- aylmer-maude: Aylmer Maude / Aylmer and Louise Maude (1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, art-aesthetics-satellites, break-with-the-church, copyright-renunciation, doukhobors, gospel-translation)
- capital-punishment: Capital punishment (smertnaya kazn) / Capital punishment in late-Imperial Russia (1908-i-cannot-be-silent, against-the-death-penalty, krug-chtenija-tales)
- christian-anarchism: Christian Anarchism / Christian anarchism (1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, christian-anarchism)
- confession: A Confession (Исповедь) / Confession (Исповедь) (crisis, fire-metaphor, gospel-translation)
- dushan-makovitsky: Dushan Makovitsky / Dušan Makovický (1905-the-great-sin, 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu)
- ernest-crosby: Ernest Crosby / Ernest Howard Crosby (1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1904-bethink-yourselves)
- evgeny-popov: E. I. Popov / Evgeny Ivanovich Popov (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching)
- excommunication-of-tolstoy: Excommunication of Tolstoy (1901) / The 1901 excommunication of Tolstoy (Определение Синода № 557) (1889-1899-resurrection, break-with-the-church, gospel-translation)
- free-age-press: Free Age Press / Свободное слово (Free Age Press) (1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty)
- gavriil-rusanov: G. A. Rusanov / Gavriil Rusanov (1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism)
- holy-synod: Holy Synod / Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church (1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, break-with-the-church)
- ivan-gorbunov-posadov: Ivan Gorbunov (I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov) / Ivan Gorbunov-Posadov / Ivan Gorbunov-Posadov (I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov) (1889-1909-the-devil, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, krug-chtenija-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression, stories-for-the-people)
- ivan-turgenev: I. S. Turgenev / Ivan Turgenev (1879-1882-a-confession, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites)
- kishinev-pogrom: Kishinev pogrom (1903) / Kishinev pogrom (April 1903) (1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales)
- konstantin-pobedonostsev: K. P. Pobedonostsev / Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1899-resurrection, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, break-with-the-church, stories-for-the-people)
- konstantin-stanislavski: K. S. Stanislavski / Konstantin Stanislavski (1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1900-the-living-corpse)
- leo-tolstoy: Leo Tolstoy / Lev Tolstoy (1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1903-after-the-ball, 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, biryukov-sofia-relationship, christian-anarchism, copyright-renunciation, crisis, doukhobors, tolstoyanism)
- leonid-urusov: L. D. Urusov / Prince L. D. Urusov (1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1890-1898-father-sergius)
- lyubov-gurevich: Lyubov Gurevich / Lyubov Yakovlevna Gurevich (1894-1895-master-and-man, art-aesthetics-satellites)
- mahatma-gandhi: M. K. Gandhi / Mahatma Gandhi (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love)
- maria-tolstaya: M. L. Tolstaya / M. L. Tolstaya (Maria Lvovna) / Maria Lvovna Obolenskaya / Maria Lvovna Obolenskaya (Tolstaya) / Maria Lvovna Tolstaya / Maria Tolstaya (1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1905-the-great-sin)
- mikhail-elpidin: M. K. Elpidin / Mikhail Elpidin (М. К. Эльпидин) (1879-1882-a-confession, gospel-translation)
- mikhail-stakhovich: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Stakhovich / Mikhail Stakhovich (break-with-the-church, tolstoyanism)
- most-holy-synod: Holy Synod / Holy Synod (spiritual censorship) (1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe)
- nikolai-ge: N. N. Ge (the elder) / N. N. Ge (the painter) / Nikolai Ge (1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, stories-for-the-people)
- nikolai-grot: N. Ya. Grot / Nikolai Yakovlevich Grot (1886-1887-on-life, 1897-1898-what-is-art)
- nikolai-strakhov: N. N. Strakhov / Nikolai Nikolaevich Strakhov / Nikolai Nikolayevich Strakhov / Nikolai Strakhov (1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1897-1898-what-is-art, crisis, gospel-translation, lords-prayer)
- non-resistance: Non-resistance to evil (непротивление злу насилием) / Non-resistance to evil by force / non-resistance (непротивление злу насилием) (1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty, christian-anarchism)
- pavel-birukoff: P. I. Biryukov / Pavel Birukoff / Pavel Biryukov / Pavel Ivanovich Birukoff / Pavel Ivanovich Biryukov (1879-1882-a-confession, 1886-1887-on-life, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1899-resurrection, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-living-corpse, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, biryukov-sofia-relationship, copyright-renunciation, crisis, doukhobors, stories-for-the-people)
- pavel-biryukov: P. I. Biryukov / Pavel Biryukov (1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, fire-metaphor)
- pavel-boulanger: Pavel Boulanger / Pavel Boulanger (P. A. Boulanger) (1901-1902-what-is-religion, against-the-death-penalty, folk-tales)
- pyotr-verigin: Pyotr Vasilevich Verigin / Pyotr Verigin (1904-bethink-yourselves, break-with-the-church, doukhobors)
- resurrection: Resurrection / Resurrection (Воскресение) (1889-1899-resurrection, doukhobors)
- sholom-aleichem: Sholom Aleichem (S. N. Rabinovich) / Sholom Aleichem (Solomon N. Rabinovich) (1903-after-the-ball, folk-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression)
- soedinenie-i-perevod-chetyrekh-evangelij: The Gospel in Brief / The Four Gospels Harmonized (Соединение и перевод четырёх Евангелий) / Union and Translation of the Four Gospels (Соединение и перевод четырёх Евангелий) (fire-metaphor, gospel-translation, lords-prayer)
- sophia-tolstaya: S. A. Tolstaya / S. A. Tolstaya (Sofia Andreyevna) / Sofia Andreevna Tolstaya / Sofia Tolstaya / Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya / Sophia Tolstaya (1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, biryukov-sofia-relationship, break-with-the-church, copyright-renunciation, gospel-translation)
- svobodnoe-slovo: Free Word Press (Svobodnoe Slovo) / «Свободное слово» (Free Word Press) / «Свободное слово» (Svobodnoe Slovo / Free Word) (1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, break-with-the-church)
- tatyana-tolstaya: T. L. Tolstaya / T. L. Tolstaya (Tatyana Lvovna) / Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya / Tatyana Tolstaya (1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching)
- the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: The Kingdom of God Is Within You / The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Царство Божие внутри вас) (doukhobors, fire-metaphor)
- vasily-shchegolyonok: Vasily Shchegolenok (V. P. Shchegolenok) / Vasily Shchegolyonok (folk-tales, krug-chtenija-tales, stories-for-the-people)
- vasily-sutaev: V. K. Sutaev / V. K. Sutaev (and son I. V. Sutaev) (1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do)
- vladimir-chertkov: V. G. Chertkov / Vladimir Chertkov / Vladimir Grigorievich Chertkov / Vladimir Grigoryevich Chertkov (1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich, 1886-1887-on-life, 1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment, 1886-the-power-of-darkness, 1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata, 1889-1899-resurrection, 1889-1904-the-forged-coupon, 1889-1909-the-devil, 1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1890-1898-father-sergius, 1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism, 1894-1895-master-and-man, 1894-1896-the-christian-teaching, 1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1900-the-living-corpse, 1900-the-slavery-of-our-times, 1901-1902-what-is-religion, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, 1903-after-the-ball, 1904-bethink-yourselves, 1905-the-great-sin, 1908-a-letter-to-a-hindu, 1908-i-cannot-be-silent, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love, against-the-death-penalty, biryukov-sofia-relationship, break-with-the-church, christian-anarchism, copyright-renunciation, crisis, doukhobors, fire-metaphor, folk-tales, gospel-translation, krug-chtenija-tales, late-voice-encryption-compression, stories-for-the-people, tolstoyanism)
- vladimir-posse: V. A. Posse / Vladimir Posse (1900-the-living-corpse, art-aesthetics-satellites)
- vladimir-stasov: Vladimir Stasov / Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov (1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama)
- what-is-art: What Is Art? / What Is Art? (the renunciation-of-art doctrine) / What Is Art? (work) (1896-1904-hadji-murat, 1897-1898-what-is-art, 1903-1906-on-shakespeare-and-the-drama, art-aesthetics-satellites)
wikiType conflicts (7)
- doukhobors: concept / group
- free-age-press: edition / institution
- leo-wiener: person / translator
- mikhail-elpidin: institution / person
- resurrection: criticalWork / work
- the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: criticalWork / work
- what-is-art: concept / work
Works routed to works/ (not a wiki type) (31)
- a-letter-to-a-hindu (work)
- abrege-de-levangile (work)
- bethink-yourselves (work)
- chem-ljudi-zhivy (work)
- christianity-and-patriotism (work)
- confession (work)
- hodite-v-svete-poka-est-svet (work)
- i-cannot-be-silent (work)
- issledovanie-dogmaticheskogo-bogoslovija (work)
- kratkoe-izlozhenie-evangelija (work)
- na-kazhdyj-den (work)
- o-zhizni (work)
- on-gogol (work)
- on-shakespeare-and-the-drama (work)
- otets-sergij (work)
- preface-to-carpenters-modern-science (work)
- preface-to-the-english-edition-of-what-is-art (work)
- put-zhizni (work)
- resurrection (work)
- smert-ivana-ilicha (work)
- soedinenie-i-perevod-chetyrekh-evangelij (work)
- the-christian-teaching (work)
- the-forged-coupon (work)
- the-great-sin (work)
- the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you (work)
- the-slavery-of-our-times (work)
- the-works-of-guy-de-maupassant (work)
- v-chem-moja-vera (work)
- what-i-believe (work)
- what-is-art (work)
- what-is-religion (work)
vaultStatus drift (dossier vs live) (11)
- alexandra-tolstaya: dossier [‘exists’, ‘stub’] → live exists
- confession: dossier [‘exists’] → live stub
- lev-lvovich-tolstoy: dossier [‘missing’] → live stub
- maria-tolstaya: dossier [‘exists’, ‘stub’] → live stub
- pavel-birukoff: dossier [‘exists’, ‘present’] → live exists
- pavel-birukov: dossier [‘exists’] → live missing
- sergei-tolstoy: dossier [‘exists’, ‘stub’] → live stub
- tatyana-tolstaya: dossier [‘exists’] → live stub
- the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you: dossier [‘exists’] → live stub
- vladimir-chertkov: dossier [‘exists’, ‘present’] → live exists
- what-is-art: dossier [‘exists’, ‘missing’, ‘stub’] → live stub
Entities with zero evidence (49)
- aleksandr-ivantsov-platonov (1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do)
- aleksandra-kalmykova (stories-for-the-people)
- alexander-ivanov-copyist (1884-1886-the-death-of-ivan-ilyich)
- amvrosy-of-optina (1890-1898-father-sergius)
- anna-chertkova (1886-1887-on-life)
- anna-olsufyeva (1894-1895-master-and-man)
- august-deubner (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you)
- baroness-meyendorf (1894-1895-master-and-man)
- butler-hadji-murat (1896-1904-hadji-murat)
- constance-garnett (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you)
- ernest-howard-crosby (christian-anarchism)
- felix-ortt (christian-anarchism)
- ilya-halperine-kaminsky (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you)
- isabel-hapgood (1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-1887-on-life)
- isabella-fyvie-mayo (1904-bethink-yourselves)
- ivan-aksakov (1882-1884-what-i-believe)
- jubilee-edition (gospel-translation)
- jules-legras (1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism)
- konstantin-kavelin (1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do)
- konstantin-leontyev (1890-1898-father-sergius)
- leo-wiener (1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, gospel-translation)
- leonid-obolensky (1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-1887-on-life)
- leonid-pasternak (1889-1899-resurrection)
- leopold-sulerzhitsky (doukhobors)
- liza-irteneva (1889-1909-the-devil)
- mahatma-gandhi (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you, 1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love)
- maria-savina (1886-the-power-of-darkness)
- maria-schmidt (1893-1894-christianity-and-patriotism)
- marya-dmitrievna-hadji-murat (1896-1904-hadji-murat)
- mikhail-elpidine (1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology, 1882-1884-what-i-believe, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do, 1886-1887-on-life)
- mikhail-loris-melikov (1896-1904-hadji-murat)
- nikolai-orlov (1894-1895-master-and-man)
- pavel-birukov (against-the-death-penalty)
- petr-chelcicky (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you)
- redemption-1918-play (1900-the-living-corpse)
- robert-bresson (1889-1904-the-forged-coupon)
- russkaya-mysl-journal (1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1884-what-i-believe)
- sergei-taneyev (1897-1898-what-is-art)
- sergei-yuryev (1879-1882-a-confession, 1882-1886-what-then-must-we-do)
- shakers (1887-1889-the-kreutzer-sonata)
- shusui-kotoku (1904-bethink-yourselves)
- society-of-art-and-literature (1886-1890-the-fruits-of-enlightenment)
- society-of-friends (doukhobors)
- the-living-corpse-1929-film (1900-the-living-corpse)
- tolstoy-80th-birthday-jubilee (1908-the-law-of-violence-and-the-law-of-love)
- uzlovaya-encounter-1892 (1890-1893-the-kingdom-of-god-is-within-you)
- vladimir-baryatinsky (1900-the-slavery-of-our-times)
- vladimir-lazursky (1897-1898-what-is-art)
- vladimir-solovyov (1879-1880-examination-of-dogmatic-theology)
Missing wikilinkTarget (4)
- Gospel Christians / icon-rejecting sectarians (The Forged Coupon) (1889-1904-the-forged-coupon)
- Robert Bresson (1889-1904-the-forged-coupon)
- Korganov family (I. I. Korganov & A. A. Korganova) (1896-1904-hadji-murat)
- Tiflis archive helpers (Esadze, Nakashidze, Potto, Veidenbaum) (1896-1904-hadji-murat)
Slug ≠ page id (0)
- none
5. Method
Built by docs/research/lib/build_evidence_index.py, which walks every docs/research/*/dossier.yaml. Entity key = slug of wikilinkTarget (.md stripped), equal to the eventual wiki/works slug. Each entity’s evidenceRefs are resolved against its own dive’s evidence[]; visuals are attached by relatedEntity and deduped across dives. vaultStatus is re-derived live against website/src/wiki/ and website/src/works/ (stub = prose body < 60 words, or a draft with < 120). Output is deterministic. Regenerate: python3 docs/research/lib/build_evidence_index.py.