Visual materials — The Slavery of Our Times (1900)

Sweep: light, single-channel (Wikimedia Commons API) Date: 2026-06-07

Not found / not downloaded

• Russian railway/dock loaders c.1890–1905 — no relevant PD photograph found on Commons (search: “Russian railway workers loaders porters 1890 1900”, “Russian workers freight dock photograph 1890”). Record: not-found.
• Free Word / Svobodnoe Slovo 1900 first edition title page — not on Commons. Record: not-found.
• Étienne de La Boétie portrait/engraving — one candidate found (File:Gravure_de_Montaigne_et_de_la_Boétie.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, a 2020 photograph of a period engraving showing both Montaigne and La Boétie together) but download blocked by Wikimedia rate-limit (HTTP 429) at time of sweep. Record: needsReview. Commons URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gravure_de_Montaigne_et_de_la_Bo%C3%A9tie.jpg

Downloaded images

1. Leo Tolstoy — portrait 1900, Odessa (KEYSTONE)

• id: commons-tolstoy-1900-kazakov
• type: portrait (oil painting photograph)
• subject: Leo Tolstoy
• holding: Odessa Art Museum (Одесский художественный музей, Ж-397)
• archiveId: File:Leo_Tolstoy_by_I.S.Kazakov_(1900,_Odessa).jpg
• access: open
• rights: Public domain (painting by Ivan Semyonovich Kazakov, 1900; photographer unknown)
• licence: PD
• usable: yes
• url: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_Tolstoy_by_I.S.Kazakov_(1900,_Odessa).jpg
• localPath: visuals/commons-tolstoy-1900-kazakov.jpg
• note: Painted by I.S. Kazakov in 1900 in Odessa, the same year Tolstoy composed the treatise. Donated to the museum by Turkish consul Fuad-Yazet Bey. Closest extant portrait to the composition period; ideal keystone image.

2. Robert Owen — portrait c.1890s

• id: commons-robert-owen
• type: portrait (photograph)
• subject: Robert Owen (1771–1858), utopian socialist; one of the epigraph authors
• holding: Wellcome Collection / National Museum Wales (via Percy Benzie Abery)
• archiveId: File:Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_(1293554).jpg
• access: open
• rights: CC0 (Wellcome Collection)
• licence: CC0
• usable: yes
• url: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_(1293554).jpg
• localPath: visuals/commons-robert-owen.jpg
• note: Late-life photographic portrait, c.189-? (Owen died 1858; this may be a photograph of a painting or bust). CC0 — no attribution required.

3. John Ruskin — portrait 1882

• id: commons-john-ruskin-1882
• type: portrait (photograph)
• subject: John Ruskin (1819–1900), art critic and social reformer; epigraph author
• holding: public domain
• archiveId: File:John_Ruskin,_1882.jpg
• access: open
• rights: Public domain (photographer Herbert Rose Barraud, 1882; published 1900 in The Works of John Ruskin)
• licence: PD
• usable: yes
• url: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Ruskin,_1882.jpg
• localPath: visuals/commons-john-ruskin-1882.jpg
• note: Photograph by Herbert Rose Barraud, 1882. Published in the collected works edition in 1900 — the same year as the treatise. Ruskin is also cited for his labour critique, which Tolstoy directly engaged.

4. Karl Marx — portrait c.1875

• id: commons-karl-marx
• type: portrait (photograph)
• subject: Karl Marx (1818–1883); cited in the treatise (Tolstoy read Capital)
• holding: public domain
• archiveId: File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg
• access: open
• rights: Public domain (photograph by John Jabez Edwin Mayall, before 24 August 1875)
• licence: PD
• usable: yes
• url: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg
• localPath: visuals/commons-karl-marx.jpg
• note: Standard cabinet-card portrait, c.1875, by Mayall. Tolstoy engaged with Capital and Marxist political economy critically in the treatise.

5. Henry George — portrait c.1865

• id: commons-henry-george
• type: portrait (photograph)
• subject: Henry George (1839–1897), land-tax reformer; endorsed in the treatise
• holding: public domain
• archiveId: File:Henry_George.jpg
• access: open
• rights: Public domain (unknown author, 1865)
• licence: PD
• usable: yes
• url: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_George.jpg
• localPath: visuals/commons-henry-george.jpg
• note: Early portrait, c.1865. Tolstoy explicitly endorses George’s single-tax land reform as the practical remedy in the treatise’s conclusion.

6. Aylmer Maude — portrait 1919

• id: commons-aylmer-maude
• type: portrait (photograph)
• subject: Aylmer Maude (1858–1938), English translator and Tolstoyan; supplied factory-condition books cited in the treatise
• holding: Victoria and Albert Museum (© V&A)
• archiveId: File:Aylmer_Maude_(1858-1938).jpg
• access: open
• rights: CC BY-SA 4.0 (Lafayette Photography Studio, 1919; V&A copyright)
• licence: CC-BY-SA
• usable: yes
• url: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aylmer_Maude_(1858-1938).jpg
• localPath: visuals/commons-aylmer-maude.jpg
• note: Studio portrait by Lafayette, 21 October 1919. Maude translated the treatise into English and corresponded with Tolstoy about it; he supplied books on English factory conditions that Tolstoy quoted. Attribution required: Lafayette / V&A, CC BY-SA 4.0.